Objective To investigate the clinical application of controllable microstructured porous β-TCP bioceramics in the repair of jawbone defects. Methods From January 2016 to January 2017, 60 cases of jawbone defects who were admitted to our department were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group, with 30 cases in each group. In the experimental group, the controllable microstructured porous β-TCP bioceramic was used to repair the bone cavity of the jawbone defect. The control group was not implanted with any bone replacement material. The postoperative bone healing, bone cavity infection rate, and the rejection of the controllable microstructured porous β-TCP bioceramics in the body were studied in both groups. Results In the experimental group, the wounds were healed at stage I after surgery, and no rejection and adverse reactions occurred. A review of CT at 3 months after surgery indicated that the bone was healed well. In the control group, there were 6 cases of postoperative wound infection and 1 case of pathological fractures, who were cured after anti-infection and conservative treatment. CT was reexamined 3 months after surgery, and no obvious changes were found in the defected bone cavity. Conclusion Controllable microstructured porous β-TCP bioceramics can effectively repair jawbone defects as a new bone replacement material, eliminate the dead cavity of bone defect, effectively reduce the infection and pathological fractures caused by the defected bone cavity, and has a good application prospect.