Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular degradative function that is important for liver homeostasis.Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy is deregulated during the progression and development of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases.Impaired autophagy prevents the clearance of excessive lipid droplets(LDs),damaged mitochondria,and toxic protein aggregates,which can be generated during the progression of various liver diseases,thus contributing to the development of steatosis,injury,steatohepatitis,fibrosis,and tumors.In this review,we look at the status of hepatic autophagy during the pathogenesis of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases.We also examine the mechanisms of defects in autophagy,and the hepato-protective roles of autophagy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and alcoholic liver disease(ALD),focusing mainly on steatosis and liver injury.Finally,we discuss the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulating agents for the treatment of these two common liver diseases.

OBJECTIVEBy bioinformatics method, the effect in hematopoietic system of bioactive peptide HP-6, which was obtained from donkey serum albumin and is one of the major protein components from donkey-hide gelatin, was investigated.

METHODHuman bone marrow nucleated cells (hBMNCs) and murine bone marrow stromal cells (mBMSCs) were separated and cultured with different concentration of peptide HP-6 (0.000 15, 0.001 5, 0.015, 0.15, 1.5 micromol x L(-1)). The effect on promoting proliferation of cells related to hematopoiesis in bone morrow was detected and the ultrastructure of cells after treated by HP-6 was observed through transmission electron microscope. Hemorrhage anemia mouse model and anemia mouse model induced by cyclophosphamide were established, and randomly divided into peptide HP-6 groups which were administered respectively with different doses (1, 0.1, 0.01 mg x kg(-1)) by gavage, and control group which was administered with PBS by gavage. Peripheral blood components of all mice and bone morrow cells (BMC) number of mice induced by cyclophosphamide were evaluated.

RESULTPeptide HP-6 could concentration-related promote the proliferation of hBMNCs and mBMSCs, hBMNCs got the highest reproduction rate of 152.11% and mBMSCs also got 63.52% with the concentration of 0.15 micromol x L(-1), then the reproduction rate decreased while the concentration kept increasing. The transmission electron microscope showed that ultrastructure of cells was normal after treated by HP-6.1 mg x kg(-1) peptide HP-6 significantly increased peripheral platelet and protected mouse morrow injured by cyclophoshamide. 0.1 mg x kg(-1) peptide HP-6 significantly increased peripheral platelet with relative growth rate of 77.65%, increased peripheral white blood cells count and peripheral red blood cells count, also could protect mouse peripheral blood after treated by chemotherapeutics.

CONCLUSIONPeptide HP-6 could promote the proliferation of cells related to hematopoietic system, enhance mouse hemopoiesis function and the resistance to chemotherapeutic injury.

Anemia ; drug therapy ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Equidae ; blood ; Female ; Gelatin ; pharmacology ; Hematopoiesis ; drug effects ; Hematopoietic System ; drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Peptides ; pharmacology ; Serum Albumin ; pharmacology

Objective:To investigate the cognition of terminal stage patients'dignity therapy,attitude towards its concept and scheme,willingness of its promotion in college students and to gain some recommendations for improvement.Methods:Combined quantitative and qualitative methods,an anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted in a convenience sample of 220 college students,of which 20 students were selected for in-depth interviews.Results:Only 17.73％ of students had a correct understanding of dignity therapy,94.98％ of them accepted its concept,92.96％ of them held a positive attitude,74.38％ of them were willing to promote dignity therapy,in which female students were dominated (P =0.041).Interview results showed that the contents of dignity therapy were to some extent stiff and not fit for Chinese patients,which might impede its promotion.Conclusion:College students lack the cognition of dignity therapy.But they hold a positive attitude and are willing to promote dignity therapy when they get to know its concept and contents.As seen,dignity therapy has a good future but there are still some obstructions in the promotion,and need to be localized.