MicroRNAs(miRNAs) is a class of small endogenous noncoding RNAs with 22 nucleotides.They can negatively regulate gene expression by inhibiting target mRNAs′translation or degrading mRNAs .Up to now, it has been proved that miRNAs play an important role in cellular proliferation , apoptosis , cell differentiation , and embryonic development .In this article , mechanism and function of miRNAs , principal methodologies in the research of miRNAs and the latest development of miRNAs in early embryonic de -velopment are discussed .

Objective To explore the value of neutiophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin ( NGAL) taken from blood and urine samples in early diagnosis of acute kidney injury ( AKI) after heart valves replacement surgeries. Meth-ods A total of 56 patients received heart valves replacement surgeries were selected prospectively in this study. NGAL from blood and urine samples and serum creatinine ( Scr) were tested among them at different moments. AKI and non-AKI groups were divided based on Scr levels and the value of NGAL taken from blood and urine sam-ples was estimated in early diagnosis of AKI with receiver operating characteristic curve ( ROC) . Results 16 AKIs were observed among all of them. The peak value of Scr in AKI group was shown between 12 and 24 hours after surgeries, while blood-NGAL was seen high significantly (P<0.05) since 2 hours after surgeries, peak value at 4 hours, for urine-NGAL, peak value was seen at 2 hours. The area of ROC of blood-NGAL 4 hours and urine-NGAL 2 hours after surgeries for AKI diagnosis were 0.891 and 0.934, respectively. The better sensitivity and specificity were shown in both threshold set as 50 μg/L and 110 μg/L. Conclusion Blood-NGAL and urine-NGAL can be used as early diagnostic markers of AKI after heart valves replacement surgeries, whose change is significantly earli-er than that of Scr.

Objective To investigate the possible pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, T2DM, AD and T2DM +AD groups. The blood glucose levels were assayed, and the behavior changes were tested by Morris water maze. The glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein were detected by immunohistochemistry staining. Results Compared with the control rats, the learning and memory abilities were weakened significantly in the model rats (F=28. 65, P<0.001). The expression of GSK-3β was higher in T2DM + AD group (4319. 02±653. 24) than in AD group (304. 39 ± 175. 83), T2DM group (540.43 ± 558.49) and control group (315. 56 ± 91. 64, H=19. 335, all P<0. 01). The level of hyperphosphorylation of tau protein was significantly increased in T2DM + AD group (8583. 81 ± 2236. 11) and AD group (2799. 61±1070. 02) than in control group (252. 02 ± 58. 37) and T2DM group (287. 75 ± 192. 53, H=32. 950, P< 0.001). There was no significantly difference of hyperphosphorylation of tau between T2DM group and control group (H = 32. 950, P>0. 05). Conclusions The increasing of GSK-3β activity in T2DM may be caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau.

Objective: To compare trophic effects of soluble substances derived from Schwann cells (SC) of neonatal and Wallerian degenerating segments of rats on facial motoneuron (FMN) cultures. Methods: Serum-free conditioned media of Schwann cell cultures (SC-CM) from facial and sciatic nerves of neonatal and Wallerian degenerating segments in adult rats were individually collected and concentrated by ultra-filtration with molecular weight cut-off at 30 000 and 10 000. The growth activities of FMNs in vitro were determined by means of MTT assay under the condition of serum-free medium added with different components of concentrated SC-CMs (SC-CMCs). The absorbance values were then statistically analyzed. Results: Survival and growth rate of FMN cultures in four kinds of SC-CMCs were significantly higher than that in media both with serum and non-serum and the difference between SC-CMCs was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Neurotrophic molecules were predominantly protein or peptide components with relative molecular weight larger than 30 000 and their trophic activity was positively related to total protein concentration in SC-CMCs. Conclusion: There were soluble trophic molecules with relative molecular weight larger than 30 000 for survival and neurite growth of FMN cultures in media with SC-CMCs derived from facial and sciatic nerves of neonatal rats and with SC-CMCs derived from Wallerian degenerating facial and sciatic nerves of adult rats. It might be reasonable to choose SC from sciatic nerves of rats on account of the findings from SC cultures on facial motoneurons.

Objective To observe and compare the antiemetic effectiveness and adverse effects of magnetotherapy plus the 5 -hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3 ) receptor inhibitor granisetron hydrochloride with that of granisetron hydrochloride alone with chemotherapy patients. Methods Sixty-four patients were randomized to receive either granisetron hydrochloride alone ( control group: granisetron hydrochloride 3 mg intravenous infusion before chemotherapy, from the 1st day of chemotherapy until the day after the chemotherapy course was completed) or magnetotherapy plus granisetron hydrochloride ( treatment group: the same granisetron hydrochloride regimen plus rotatory magnetotherapy of 1 h/time every day after chemotherapy). The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. The patients' emesia was evaluated according to the WHO's criteria. The density of 5-HT, in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA). Results In terms of acute vomiting, there was no significant difference between the two groups, but in terms of tardive vomiting, the effectiveness in the treatment group was significantly better than in the control group. The densities of S-HT, in serum in the treatment and the control group were (225.32±57.29 ) ng/ml vs (213.00±53.29 ) ng/ml before chemotherapy and (273.88±5.42) ng/ml vs ( 313.17±76.36 ) ng/ml after chemotherapy, a significant difference. The rates of adverse events were 36.36% and 48.39% respectively in the treatment group and control group, a difference which was not significant. Conclusions Magnetotherapy plus granisetron hydrochloride is more effective than granisetron hydrochloride alone, and the two therapies have a synergistic effect. Adverse events didn't rise in the treatment group.

This paper studied the selection of training tasks of medical equipment preventive maintenance,to provide theoretical basis for standardized training design.Eight tasks of medical equipment PM process were quantitatively analyzed in multi factors based on the AHp and MFM,and the CDF decision trees model was compared with the selection standard.The studied identified the selection standards and criteria of the tasks,as well as reliable theoretical references for building the standardized training system.

Objective To investigate how to avoid and deal with injuries to the aberrant right posterior hepatic duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).Method We studied 1 710 patients who underwent LC in our unit from January 2011 to November 2013.There were 5 patients with right posterior hepatic duct abnormally,and this paper analysed the cases.Results In the 5 patients,one patient had the right posterior hepatic duct draining into the gallbladder body (Ⅰ A type),two patients had the right posterior hepatic duct draining into the cystic duct (ⅢA type),and two patients had the cystic duct draining into the right posterior hepatic duct (ⅢB type).There was no damage to the right posterior hepatic duct during operation.One patient was converted from LC to open operation.The major aberrance was class Ⅲ.Conclusions Variant bile duct is an important cause of bile duct injuries during LC.The right posterior hepatic duct variation is the most common form.To raise our vigilance and fully understand the types of aberrant right posterior hepatic duct,reasonable use of preoperative MRCP and intraoperative cholangiography in selected patients are fundamental.Aberrant right posterior hepatic duct injuries can effectively be avoided.

Objective To investigate the changes and significance of plasma interleukin (IL)-6,IL-8,tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in acute blood loss patients.Methods The levels of plasma IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α and NOS were determined in 25 patients with acute blood loss(blood loss group) and 25 healthy controls(control group) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Result The levels of plasma IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α and NOS in blood loss group were higher than those in control group (0.284 ± 0.027 vs.0.204 ± 0.016,0.059 ± 0.079 vs.0.037 ± 0.039,0.460 ± 0.024 vs.0.372 ±0.018,0.637 ±0.054 vs.0.443 ±0.040,P＜0.05 or ＜0.01).Conclusions First,the expressions of IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α and NOS are strongly induced at the circumstances of acute early stage blood loss which can cause inflammatory reaction,aggravate the damage of soft tissues and organs,and easy to lead the blood loss to uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock.Second,the expression of NOS is strongly induced at the circumstances of acute blood loss which should reduce the damage of soft tissue,and alleviate the hemorrhagic shock.Therefore,the levels of plasma IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α and NOS can estimate the illness prognosis and curative effect,which have important clinical instruction value for effective treatment of hemorrhagic shock.

Objective To explore the short term effects of five second-generation antipsychotics on the serum pro?lactin levels of first-episode schizophrenia patients. Methods Two hundred fifty first-episode schizophrenia patients were randomly divided into five groups and were then treated with risperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine or ziprasidone, respectively. The serum prolactin were tested at baseline, and every week following initiation of treatment. The positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) and the treatment emergent symptom scale (TESS) were used to evalu?ate the effect and side effect of treatment. Results Repeated measure ANOVA for serum prolactin showed that the main effects of time, the main effect of group, and the interactive effect of time and group were significant (all P<0.01). At the first week, the serum prolactin level of risperidone group was higher than all the other four groups (P<0.05). At the sec?ond, third, fourth and fifth week, the serum prolactin level of risperidone group and olanzapine group was higher than the other three groups (P<0.05). At the end of the sixth week, the serum prolactin level of risperidone group, olanzapine group and paliperidone group was higher than the quetiapine and ziprasidone groups (P<0.05). But serum prolactin level of risperidone group and olanzapine group was higher than that of paliperidone group (P<0.05). The changes of PANSS before and after treatment were significantly different among groups (P<0.05). However, the incidence of the side effects was not significantly different among groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The level of serum prolactin gradually increases in schizophrenia patients receiving treatment of antipsychotics. The short term effects of different second generation antipsy?chotics on serum prolactin vary differently. Risperidol and olanzapine result in the elevation of serum prolactin level in the early period of treatment.

Objective To compare the advantages and disadvantages of uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery(uniportal-VATS)and three portal VATS in treatment of benign pulmonary diseases. Methods The clinical data of 66 patients with benign pulmonary disease treated by VAST from June 2015 to October 2016 were retrospec-tively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the specific operation. There were 32 patients (18 males and 14 females)in uniportal-VATS group. There were 34 patients(18 males and 16 females)in three portal VATS group. The operative time ,intraoperative blood loss ,thoracic drainage volume at 24 h after opera-tion,incision length,and the time of postoperative drainage of thoracic cavity,postoperative third day pain score and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results The patients in the experimental and the control groups were successfully operated according to the scheduled protocol. No thoracotomy was performed. There was no statistical difference in the volume of blood loss,the volume of pleural drainage after 24 hours,the time of postoperative drainage of thoracic cavity ,the length of hospital stays and postoperative complications in uni-portal-VATS group and three portal VATS group(P>0.05). The pain score and postoperative third day pain score of the uniportal-VATS group was better than that of the three portal VATS group(P<0.05),but the operation time of the uniportal-VATS group was longer than that of the three portal VATS group(P<0.05). Conclusion Uniportal-VATS is safe and feasible for the treatment of benign lung diseases. It is more minimally invasive and beautiful than traditional three-hole thoracoscopic surgery. It is worthy of promotion and has broad prospects.