Rheumatoid arthritis belongs to arthralgia syndrome in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine， and cold-dampness obstruction syndrome and dampness-heat obstruction syndrome are core syndromes and main syndrome differentiation types of this disease. Fine therapeutic effects have been obtained in the long-term clinical practice of many famous traditional Chinese medicine practitioners following the syndrome differentiation and treatment based on the guiding principles of cold and heat. To adapt to the clinical diagnosis practice of combining disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation， and to better carry out basic research on integrated Chinese and Western medicine and preclinical study on new traditional Chinese medicines， Guidelines for Establishing Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Cold-Dampness Obstruction Syndrome and Dampness-Heat Obstruction Syndrome （hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines） were compiled by our research group， in cooperation with the renowned experts in research fields including traditional Chinese medicine， clinical medicine， zoology and evidence-based medicine， which provide a meaningful reference for scientific research， teaching and clinical applications. The compilation process of the Guidelines was guided by the theory of disease and syndrome integration and the principles of "evidence takes the main place， consensus plays an auxiliary role， and experience serves as the reference". Based on the comprehensive evaluation of pathogenesis homology， behavioral phenotypic consistency， and drug treatment predictability compared between animal models and human diseases， by the nominal group method， "recommendations" were formed for recommendations supported by evidence， and "consensus recommendations" were formed for recommendations not supported by evidence. Guidelines were formed involving content such as animal types， arthritis modeling methods， external stimulation conditions， and modeling assessment indicators during the establishment of the animal models of rheumatoid arthritis with cold-dampness obstruction syndrome and dampness-heat obstruction syndrome. The Guidelines are applicable for the disease and syndrome research on rheumatoid arthritis， investigation of therapeutic mechanisms， and development of new traditional Chinese medicine. The Guidelines also provide a reference for the establishment of guidelines on other types of diseases and syndromes combined with animal models to further promote the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine research and its integration with international academic development.

The Guidelines for Establishing Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Cold-dampness Obstruction Syndrome and Dampness-heat Obstruction Syndrome （hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines） （No. T/CACM1567-2024） was published by Chinese Association of Chinese Medicine on January 11， 2024. To assist researchers and medical workers in understanding and applying the Guidelines more accurately， and also to provide reference and assistance for the establishment of guidelines on other types of diseases and syndromes combined with animal models， this paper made a declaration of the workflow， technological links， development references， promotion of its application and after-effect evaluation of the Guidelines that has been made according to the requirements of "Draft Group Standard of the Standardization Office of the Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine".

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of online and offline myopia prevention and control health education interventions using wearable behavior monitoring tools for non myopic elementary school students,so as to provide evidence based medical support for public health practices. Methods: From May to June in 2021, two schools were selected within the same county in Jiangsu Province. School 1 conducted online and offline parental health education ( n =111), while school 2 exclusively conducted offline health education activities, representing the traditional intervention group ( n =122). Students from both schools underwent monitoring through wearable behavior tracking tools, with feedback reports provided (eye distance, eye duration, ambient light, and outdoor exposure time). Both schools relied on activities to carry out health education interventions, and organized the distribution of promotional materials and display boards. The intervention group also established WeChat groups to conduct online "Healthy Parents Action" (answering and providing feedback on health knowledge related to myopia prevention and control, myopia prevention and control, science popularization, etc. raised by parents). Evaluation criteria included myopia rates, post dilation refractive error, and axial length, with a tracking period of two years (from 2021 to 2023). Additionally, the study collected refractive parameters from non myopic students who did not participate in wearable tool monitoring in the 12 classes across the two schools. Results: The baseline results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of refractive parameters and wearable tool monitoring results (including screen time, viewing distance, outdoor exposure time, and homework light exposure)( t/Z/χ 2=1.94,1.17,0.58,0.40,0.80,0.69,0.32, P >0.05). After a two-year follow up, in the first and second year, the myopia rate of the online Healthy Parents Action group (11.4%, 29.7%) were lower than that of the traditional group (26.2%, 50.9%), and the degree of refractive change in the intervention group [0.63(0.38,1.19)D] was lower than that of the traditional group [0.91(0.40,1.50)D], and all the differences were statistically significant( χ 2/ Z =4.93，10.37，2.29， P <0.05). However, there were no significant differences ( P >0.05) in axial length changes between the two groups over the twoyear intervention period. Nevertheless, in the second year, the axial length change in the traditional group [0.35(0.20,0.65)mm] was lower than that in the natural observation group [0.55(0.30,0.75)mm], and this difference was statistically significant ( Z =1.92, P <0.05). Conclusions Online and offline myopia prevention and control health education can effectively reduce myopia rates. The intervention mode combining wearable behavior monitoring tools with online health education may have better effects, but further large sample and multi center studies are needed to provide additional evidence and confirmation.

In the emergency department, open endotracheal suctioning for mechanically ventilated patients with endotracheal intubation will lead to the spread of respiratory droplets and aerosols, polluting the surrounding environment and medical staff. The traditional heat-and-moisture exchanger has the effect of warming and humidifying, and can block pathogenic microorganisms, but it does not have the function of inserting a sputum suction tube. When the heat-and-moisture exchanger is pulled out for sputum suction, it is easy to cause sputum splash, which pollutes the surrounding environment and medical personnel. The addition of closed sputum suction devices will increase the economic burden on patients. Thus, the medical staff of emergency department of the First People's Hospital of Tongxiang City of Zhejiang Province designed a new type of heat-and-moisture exchanger with anti-splash sputum suctioning function and obtained the National Utility Model Patent of China (ZL 2021 2 0017615.0). The new heat-and-moisture exchanger is mainly composed of a receiving cavity, a connecting tube, a sputum suction tube intubation tube, a sealing valve, etc. The disposable sputum suction tube can be used to insert sputum suction, and at the same time, it can prevent the secretion from splashing to ensure sealing. The patent combines the humidification and pathogen blocking functions of the heat-and-moisture exchanger with the anti-splash sputum suctioning function, which is suitable for use in the emergency and critical care medicine departments and has clinically practical value.

Objective:To analyze the effects of proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)on the prevention of stress ulcers(SU)in elderly patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), and to analyze related factors for the risk of short-term death.Methods:This study was a multicenter retrospective cohort study.Two hundred elderly ARDS patients diagnosed and treated at Peking University International Hospital, Anzhen Hospital and Ezhou Central Hospital from November 2017 to December 2019 were continuously included.These patients were treated with PPIs(omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole and esomeprazole)within 48 hours after ICU admission to prevent SU and were considered as the PPI group.According to the propensity score matching method, 200 elderly ARDS patients admitted to the hospitals with similar ages, medical history and sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)scores who did not use PPIs were selected as the control group.All patients were followed up for 30 days.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test were used to compare the 30-day mortality risk between the two groups.Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the relevant factors affecting the 30-day mortality.The 30-day mortality risk and the incidence of clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding were evaluated among patients using different PPIs.Results:The average time of PPI use was 8.4±4.4 d in the PPI group.In the control group, 38.0% of patients were treated with H 2 receptor antagonists, and the average time of use was 8.1±5.2 days.There was no significant difference in the 30-day all-cause mortality risk between the two groups(20.5% or 41 cases vs.23.5% or 47 cases, P>0.05). The incidences of clinically significant upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding(2.5% or 5 cases vs.7.0% or 14, P<0.05), gastrointestinal bleeding(5.5% or 11 cases vs.12.5% or 25 cases, P<0.05)and hospital-acquired pneumonia(9.0% or 18 vs.4.0% or 8 cases, P<0.05)had significant differences between the PPI group and the control group.Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age>70 years( HR=1.845, 95% CI: 1.131-3.010, P<0.05), arterial oxygen partial pressure <78.0 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa, HR=2.143, 95% CI: 1.317-3.487, P<0.01), SOFA score>14( HR=3.603, 95% CI: 1.741-7.456, P<0.01)and blood lactic acid>3.8 mmol/L( HR=2.725, 95% CI: 1.437-5.167, P<0.01)were related factors for the 30-day mortality.Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in 30-day mortality between the five subgroups taking different PPIs including omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole and esomeprazole( P>0.05), and the incidence of clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly reduced( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the five PPIs subgroups( P>0.05). Conclusions:Although PPIs have no effect on short-term death in elderly ARDS patients, it can increase the risk of hospital acquired pneumonia while reducing the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding.With PPI use, advanced age, low arterial oxygen partial pressure, high SOFA score and high blood lactate are risk factors for the 30-day mortality.

Objective To evaluate the effects of nitrous oxide inhalation on conscious sedation of patients during colonoscopy and analyze its risk factors. Methods From October 2016 to July 2017, a total of 154 patients undergoing colonoscopy were included in the study. The comfort level was rated using Modified Gloucester Comfort Scale ( MGCS). Factors affecting comfort level were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression, and then a comfort stratification predicting model was created. Results All 154 patients finished colonoscopy. The mean time of ideal anesthesia state was 195. 15 s. Among the 154 cases, 115 ( 74. 7%) were identified as comfort ( grade of MGCS from 1 to 3) and 39 (25. 3%) were rated as discomfort ( grade of MGCS from 4 to 5). Multivariate regression indicated that age ≥60 years ( P＝0. 000, OR＝1. 074, 95%CI: 1. 036-1. 114) and mild anxiety ( P＝0. 018, OR＝3. 338, 95%CI: 1. 227-9. 079) were associated with comfort level during colonoscopy.The established model with the age (X1) and mild anxiety (X2) was P＝eY/(1+eY), Y＝－3. 812+0. 071X1+1. 205X2(no anxiety was assigned 1, mild anxiety was assigned 2), and the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0. 746 (95%CI: 0. 661-0. 830), which showed moderate predictive power of the final model. The model reached the highest predictive accuracy when the Yoden Index was 0. 838 with sensitivity of 50. 4% and specificity of 89. 7% for predicting comfort level of patients in conscious sedation status induced by nitrous oxide inhalation during colonoscopy. Conclusion Nitrous oxide can ease pain during colonoscopy, especially for patients over 60 years old and with anxiety. We can use it as an option according to actual circumstance in practice.

Objective To detect the mitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI) and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection status in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC),and to analyze their clinical significance in the diagnosis of ESCC.Methods The mtMSI and Hp infection status were examined by immunohistochemical SP method in 93 cases of ESCC and their normal control tissues.The relationship between Hp and mtMSI and their correlations with the clinicopathological features of ESCC were analyzed.Results The Hp positive rates of ESCC group and control group were 61.3％ (57/93) and 20.4％ (19/93) respectively,and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (x2 =32.127,P ＜0.001).The mtMSI positive rates of ESCC group and control group were 34.4％ (32/93) and 0 (0/93) respectively,and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (x2 =38.649,P ＜0.001).The Hp infection was correlated with tumor infiltrating degree (x2 =22.213,P ＜ 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (x2 =8.318,P =0.004),but was not correlated with gender (x2 =0.330,P =0.565),major axis of tumor (x2 =0.692,P =0.406),gross type (x2 =1.006,P =0.316),differentiated degree (x2 =0.665,P =0.415).The mtMSI was not correlated with gender (x2 =0.163,P =0.686),major axis of tumor (x2 =0.384,P =0.530),gross type (x2 =0.422,P =0.516),differentiated degree (x2 =0.213,P =0.645),infiltrating degree (x2 =0.001,P =0.979) or lymph node metastasis (x2 =0.039,P =0.843).The Hp infection was positively associated with mtMSI in ESCC (r =0.864,P =0.006).Conclusion The positive rates of Hp and mtMSI in ESCC are higher than those in normal tissues,and there is a close relationship between Hp and mtMSI.Hp is also associated with the progression of ESCC.

66 patients with sick sinus syndrome were enrolled in this study. All patients meeting the indications for dual chamber pacing were randomly divided into two groups: right atrial appendage(RAA) pacing group was made up of 36 patients and low atrial septal(LAS) pacing group was made up of 30 patients. Follow-up was 12 months. The incidence of atrial fibrillation(AF) was lower in LAS group(3. 3% ) compared with the RAA group(19. 4% );P wave dispersion in RAA group was significantly higher than that in the LAS group (P < 0. 01). After 3 months of the operation, left atrial volume index(LAVI) in RAA group was significantly larger than that in the LAS group. In LAS group compared with the RAA group P wave dispersion and LAVI were significantly lower after operation in sick sinus syndrome. LAS pacing was superior to RAA pacing in preventing new atrial fibrillation.

Objective To investigate status and epidemiological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections from 2007 to 2013 in Suzhou region .Methods MP was determined by fluores‐cence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR) in 34 332 sputum specimens of hospitalized children with respiratory tract infec‐tions in the Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University from 2007 to 2013 .Results The total detection rate of MP was 19 .01% in children with respiratory tract infections in Suzhou from 2007 to 2013 .Annual MP infection rates from 2007 to 2013 were 5 .45% ,6 .95% ,14 .06% ,18 .51% ,4 .85% ,25 .94% and 28 .68% respectively ,among which the infection rates of MP in 2012 and 2013 were significantly higher than that in other years (P<0 .05) .The infection rates of MP in female children(21 .01% )was higher than that in male children(17 .81% ) ,there was statistically significant difference(P<0 .05) .The infection rates of MP in children <1 years old ,1- <4 years old ,4- <7 years old and 7-14 years old were 8 .88% ,18 .05% ,35 .28% and 52 .39% respec‐tively ,and significant differences of infection rates of MP were observed among the age groups(P<0 .05) .The infection rates of MP in spring ,summer ,autumn and winter were 15 .96% ,28 .38% ,21 .71% and 11 .01% respectively ,and significant differences of in‐fection rates of MP were observed among the seasons(P<0 .05) .Conclusion MP is one of the most common pathogens responsible for respiratory tract infection in children ,which shows gender ,age and season differences in infection rate .Children aged 7 to 14 years old are susceptible to be infected by MP in summer and autumn ,especially in July and August ,so it is necessary to strengthen the prevention of MP infection .

Objective To study the induction of nitrous oxide(N2 O)and to compare safety and effec-tiveness of conscious sedation by nitrous oxide inhalation and intravenous sedation with propofol for upper gas-trointestinal(UGI)endoscopy.Methods A total of 400 patients undergoing UGI endoscopy in our hospital from April 2013 to October 2013 were randomly assigned to two groups,N2 O inhalation group(n=200)and in-travenous propofol group(n=200).The systolic pressures,diastolic pressures,heart rates and oxygen satura-tion,onset time,procedure duration,degree of sedation,recovery time,length of hospital stay,complica-tions,satisfaction ratings of doctors and patients,and the number of patients willing to accept the examination again were analyzed.Results The mean time of ideal anesthesia state for N2 O was (3. 16 ±0. 65 )min and there was no difference between the male and female(3. 16 ±0. 71)min vs.(3. 16 ±0. 58)min,t=0. 006,P>0. 05).The mean concentration was (43. 68 ±5. 05 )%,which was higher in male than that in female [(45. 3 ±4. 99)% vs.(41. 46 ±4. 30)%,t=3. 042,P<0. 05].Compared with before,the systolic pres-
sures,diastolic pressures,heart rates and oxygen saturation of patients in the propofol group significantly re-duced during the procedure(P<0. 05),while the same measurements excluding oxygen saturation for those in the N2 O group significantly increased(P<0. 05 ).Compared with the propofol group,patients inhaling N2 O had significantly shorter recovery and hospital stay time,but a longer onset time and procedure duration(P<0. 05 ).Complications that occurred in some patients of propofol group included hyoxemia,hypotension,brady-cardia,while the major complication in the N2 O group was nausea.The satisfaction ratings of doctors or pa-tients and the number of patients willing to accept the examination again in N2 O group were smaller than those in propofol group(86 ±3. 7 vs.96 ±2. 6,87 ±2. 8 vs.98 ±1. 2,87%vs.99%,P<0. 05).Conclusion Both conscious sedation by N2 O inhalation and intravenous sedation with propofol are effective for diagnostic UGI en-doscopy,but the safety of the former is superior to the latter.The key to complete the conscious sedation by ni-trous oxide inhalation is to accurately identify the ideal anesthesia state of N2 O.It is significant to pay attention to the nine factors concerning safe and effective sedation during operation.