Objective To investigate the daily total fluoride intake in relating to the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in two villages in Jiangsu Province,in order to provide the scientific evidences for the control and prevention of endemic fluorosis.Methods Adults sampled from a high-fluoride Village,Wamiao,and a low-fluoride Village,Xinhuai,were surveyed in this study according to the fluoride concentration in their household shallow well.The average daily total fluoride intake from difierent sources and the skeletal fluorosis were investigated in each subject.Then the subjects from two villages were allocated into five subgroups(＜2.00,2.00～,3.00～,4.00～,≥5.00 mg/d),the relation fluoride intake and prevalence of osteofluorosis was analyzed.Results The prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in Wamiao Village was 31.06%(41/132),but no skeletal fluorosis case(0/35)was found in Xinhuai Village.According to the daily total fluoride intake,subjects with higher daily total fluoride intake tended to associated with a higher prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in a significant dose-response relationship(regression equation:y=2.624-6.855x+3.424x2:r=0.997).The benchmark dose lower limitation of daily total fluoride intake with 95% confidencewas 2.50 mg/d calculated according to this dose-response relationship,the reference dose(RfD)was 2.50 mg/d.In Wamiao Village a significant difference was also found between daily total fluoride intake in 41 subjects[(5.09±1.20)mg/d]with X-ray detectable skeletal fluorosis and in 91 subjects[(3.08±1.12)mg/d]without X-ray detectable skeletal fluorosis(t=-9.32,P＜0.01).Conclusions These findings indicate that the daily total fluoride intake has a significant dose-response relationship with the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis in an endemic fluorosis area associated with high-fluoride drinking water;and the RfD in this study was lower than that in the national standard of"Chinese hygienic standard for daily total fluoride intake(WS/T 87-1996)"(3.50 mg/d).

Dendritic cells (DC) serve as a bridge between innate immune response and adaptive immune response by playing a role as important antigen presenting cells .Acute kidney Injury (AKI) results in acute renal parenchymal injury caused by multiple reasons .The kidney is very prone to ischemic injury ,and the immune inflammatory response is an important mechanism in the development of acute ischemic renal injury ,in which the interaction between dendritic cells and renal tubular epithelial cells is expected to be the new target to treat renal damage and delay the course of the disease .

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of HOXB2 gene in the proliferation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the protective effects of VEGF on the endothelia against radiation injury.

METHODSHUVECs were isolated, cultured, subcultured and identified. (1) Liposome coated oligodeoxynucleotide (odn) and homeoboxB2 antisense oligodeoxyncleotide (HOXB2asodn) were prepared prepared in the concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/L for the stimulation of HUVEC. (3)H-TdR incorporation test and MTT method were employed to determine the proliferation activity of HUVECs after activation. The cell cycle analysis of HUVECs was determined by flow cytometry. The expression level of HOXB2mRNA within HUVECs was detected by RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). (2) HUVECs were separately treated with the addition of VEGF in concentration of 50 microg/L, by radiation in the dose of 6 Gy or 12 Gy (60)Co gamma gamma ray, or radiation with 12 Gy (60)Co gamma gamma ray followed by the addition of VEGF in dose of 50 microg/L. The cellular morphology was observed and the cellular proliferation activity was determined by MTT method.

RESULTS(1) The proliferation activity of HUVECs could be markedly inhibited by liposome coated HOXB2asodn in comparison to liposome-odn (P < 0.05 or 0.001), and the inhibition effect was positively correlated with the increase in asodn concentration. The cell ratio in S phase and the expression level of the HOXB2mRNA could be lowered by asodn in dose of 2.5 mg/L (P < 0.05 or 0.001). (2) Radiation by (60)Co gamma ray could lead to the nuclear enlargement, vacuolation in the cytoplasm, multiplicity of nucleus and nuclear swelling. The proliferative activity of HUVECs was increased from 0.365 +/- 0.047 and 0.487 +/- 0.022 without radiation to 0.557 +/- 0.042 and 0.648 +/- 0.021 24 and 48 hours after 6 Gy radiation However it was decreased to 0.263 +/- 0.038 and 0.306 +/- 0.024 (P < 0.01) after 12 Gy (60)Co gamma ray radiation. Nevertheless, the cell morphology was obviously improved and the proliferation was enhanced by the addition of VEGF after 12 Gy radiation.

CONCLUSIONHOXB2 gene played important roles in the biological activities of HUVECs. Small dose (6 Gy) gamma-radiation could promote, but large dose (12 Gy) could decrease the mRNA expression of HOXB2 gene in HUVECs. In addition, VEGF could protect HUVECs against radiation injury.

Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; radiation effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; radiation effects ; Endothelium, Vascular ; cytology ; drug effects ; radiation effects ; Genes, Homeobox ; genetics ; Homeodomain Proteins ; genetics ; Humans ; Liposomes ; pharmacology ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; genetics ; Radiation Injuries ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; Umbilical Veins ; cytology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of lipopolysacharide (LPS) in different concentrations on the biological features and growth factor secretion power of U937 cell line.

METHODSIn vitro cultured U937 cells were stimulated by 0 (as control), 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 50.0 and 100 micro g/ml LPS respectively for 24 hours. Thereafter, the cell proliferation ability was determined by MTT method. The cell apoptosis rate was determined by flow cytometry. The changes in the contents of transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGFbeta(1)) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of the supernatant of the cell culture were assessed by ELISA.

RESULTSApoptosis and TGFbeta(1) secretion could be induced by LPS in dose of 0.1 to 100 micro g/ml when compared with that without LPS challenge (P < 0.05 - 0.01). In detail, LPS in lower dose (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micro g/ml) could promote the proliferation of U937 (P < 0.05 - 0.01) but exerted no effect on VEGF secretion. In contrary, LPS in high dose (50 and 100 micro g/ml) could promote VEGF secretion (P < 0.01) but exerted no effects on the proliferation of U937 cells.

CONCLUSIONU937 cells could be activated to increase the secretion of TGFbeta(1) by LPS in optimal dose of 0.1 - 10.0 micro g/ml, but the secretion of VEGF could only be promoted by LPS in higher concentration.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; analysis ; secretion ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; U937 Cells ; drug effects ; secretion ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; analysis ; secretion

Aim To observe the preventive protection of Yingxindan on acute myocardial ischemia induced by sublingual injection of pituitrin ( pit) in rats.Methods Sixty rats were randomly divided into saline group , model group, nifedipine 12.6 mg · kg -1 group, and Yingxindan 25.2, 12.6, 6.3 mg · kg -1 groups.The saline group and model group were given the same vol-ume of water.After administration for 7 d, an acute myocardial ischemia model was induced by sublingual intravenous injection of pit 1 U · kg -1 in the rats 1 h after last administration .The changes of the II electro-cardiogram(ECG) ST segment at different time points , as well as the positive rate of myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia were observed .Meanwhile , the levels of serum creatine kinase ( CK ) , creatine kinase isoenzyme ( CK-MB ) , glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB ( GPBB ) , cardiac troponin I ( cTnI ) and cardiac troponin T ( cTnT ) were observed .Re-sults Yingxindan could suppress the changes of ST segment of electrocardiogram in rats with acute myocar-dial ischemia induced by pit and reduce the positive rate of myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia .The con-tents of myocardial injury markers CK , CK-MB, GPBB, cTnI and cTnT in serum significantly de-creased, and the corresponding relationship existed . The greater the dose of Yingxindan , the smaller the content of myocardial injuried markers in serum .Con-clusion Yingxindan has significant preventive protec-tion effect on acute myocardial ischemia by pit .

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of apelin on vasodilatation of isolated pulmonary arterial rings in rats and its relationship to the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, and to observe the difference of vasodilatation between hypoxic rats and normoxic rats.

METHODSThirty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into hypoxic group and normoxic group. The effects of accumulated apelin on pulmonary arterial rings preconstricted with norepinephrine (NE) were observed by using tissue organ bath system. After pulmonary arterial rings were pretreated with three methods: removing the endothelium, pretreating with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME or soluble guanylatecyclase inhibitor ODQ, the different effect of apelin was observed. In addition, the difference of vasodilatation between hypoxic rats and normal rats were observed.

RESULTS(1) Exposure of intact endothelium pulmonary arterial rings preconstricted by NE to apelin at concentration (0.01 - 100 nmol/L) induced a significant concentration dependent relaxation. The maximal vasorelaxant effect of apelin was 10.62% +/- 2.60%, which was inhibited by removal of the endothelium (P < 0.01), pretreatment with L-NAME (P < 0.01) or ODQ (P < 0.01). (2) Response of pulmonary arterial rings from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension rats was decreased (P < 0.05). Compared to normal rats, at a concentration of 100 nmol/L, the response to apelin on arteries from hypoxic rats decreased 60.45% (P < 0.01). But the values of EC50 were not significantly different (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that apelin relaxes the pulmonary arterial rings of rats in an endothelium dependent manner, which may have a relationship to NO signaling pathway. The response of vasodilatation is decreased in the pulmonary arterial rings from the hypoxic rats.

Animals ; Apelin ; Hypoxia ; physiopathology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; pharmacology ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Pulmonary Artery ; physiopathology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Vasodilation ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the transfect results of recombinant adenovirus vector carrying tyrosinase gene (Ad-tyr) in vitro by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after the Ad-tyr was transfected into HepG2 cell.

METHODSThe Ad-tyr which carried the full-length cDNA of tyrosinase gene was transfected into HepG2 cell. The transfected cells were scan by MRI sequences of T1 weighted image (T1WI) , T2 weighted image (T2WI) , and short time inversion recovery (STIR) to observe the MRI signals of expressed melanin. Masson-Fontana staining was performed to search for melanin granules in transfected cells. Real-time PCR method was used to search for cDNA of tyrosinase gene.

RESULTSAd-tyr was transfected into HepG2 cells and synthesized a large amount of melanin inside. The synthesized melanin of 1 x 10(6) cells which had been transfected by Ad-tyr with the 50, 150, and 300 multiplicity of infection separately were all sufficient to be detected by MRI and showed high signals in MRI T1WI, T2WI, and STIR sequences. The signal intensities of MRI were positively correlated to the amounts of transfected Ad-tyr. The melanin granules were found in HepG2 cells in Masson-Fontana staining. The cDNA amount of tyrosinase gene in transfected HepG2 cells, which was detected by real-time PCR, was remarkably higher than that in nontransfected cells.

CONCLUSIONThe synthesized melanin of HepG2 cells, which controlled by expression of exogenous gene, can be detected by MRI, indicating that the adenovirus vector can efficiently carry the tyrosinase gene into HepG2 cells.

Adenoviridae ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Melanins ; analysis ; genetics ; Monophenol Monooxygenase ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Transfection

OBJECTIVEThrough maternal inheritance, to explore the genetic structures and relationships of Dong, Gelao, Tujia and Yi ethnic population in Guizhou of China.

METHODSThe mtDNA D-loop hypervariable segment I (HVS I ) in 108 samples of four ethnic populations were sequenced. Then, the nucleotide diversity was estimated and a phylogenetic tree was constructed by Neighbor-Joining method.

RESULTSIn the detected 497 bp fragments, 86 polymorphic sites were found, and 82 different haplotypes were identified. The phylogenetic tree of four ethnic populations showed: Yi, Tujia and Gelao clustered more closely than Dong did.

CONCLUSIONYi and Tujia population are very closely related, the reason may be that they either originate from a common ancestry or frequently undergo the gene exchanges and admixtures. The genetic relationship between Tujia and Gelao population is nearer, perhaps because they have settled in the adjacent regions. Dong and Yi population show the farthest genetic relationship, this is probably due to their different historical origins and geographic segregation.

Base Sequence ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; Ethnic Groups ; genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of auricular point pricking-bloodletting plus auricular point sticking therapy for acne vulgaris. Methods: A total of 66 patients with acne vulgaris were randomized into an observation group and a control group by the random number table, with 33 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with auricular point pricking-bloodletting plus auricular point sticking therapy, and the control group was treated only with auricular point sticking therapy. The treatments of both groups were performed twice a week, 4 weeks as a course of treatment, for 3 courses in total. The scores of skin lesions and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) scores were recorded before and after treatment to assess the clinical efficacy. Results: During the trial, there were 3 cases of drop-out both in the observation group and the control group. After 3 courses of treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was 96.7％, while that of the control group was 76.7％. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The intra-group comparison showed that the scores of skin lesion and DLQI were both decreased with the increase of treatment times, that was, the scores were lower than those at the previous time point (allP<0.05). After 1, 2, and 3 courses of treatment, the scores of skin lesion and DLQI of both groups were statistically different from those of the same group before treatment (allP<0.05). At every time point during the treatment, the scores of skin lesion and DLQI of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Auricular point pricking-bloodletting plus auricular point sticking has a better curative effect than auricular point sticking therapy alone in the treatment of acne vulgaris, and has a time-effect correlation.

Phase Ⅰ clinical trials are the preliminary tests of clinical pharmacology and human safety evaluation.Majority of the subjects in phase Ⅰ clinical trials are healthy subjects.Besides,there are only a few number of healthy subjects included in one trial.Thus the data requires better accuracy and responsibility.If the subjects do not take medicine appropriately,it will directly affect the results and fail to provide accurate reference for the coming phase Ⅱ,Ⅲ clinical trial.Therefore subject medication is one of the key steps in the conduct of phase Ⅰ clinical trial.This article summarizes and discusses the key steps for oral,injection,inhalation and other delivery methods,to make sure the scientificity,accuracy and objectivity of the test results.This will also ensure the smooth development of late-stage clinical trials.