Injections of propidium iedide (PI) into the lateral cerebral ventricle (LV) ofthe rat resulted in a prominent abnormality characterized by tremor,ataxia,andnystagmus.The intensity of PI fluorescence in the parenchyma of the brain fadedgradually away from the injection site and ventricles to the surfaces of the brain. In the forebrain it was seen that PI fluorescence reached the most lateral part ofthe ipsilateral caudate putamen nucleus.A constant neuronal labeling was observedin the septohippocampal nuclei,the A8-9-10 dopaminergic cell groups of themidbrain,the dorsal raphe nucleus,the median raphe nucleus,neurons within anddorsal to the medial lemniscus of the caudal midbrain,and Furkinje cells of thecerebellum.This neuronal labeling was bilateral.No distinct labeling was seen inother areas of the brain.Combined with Faglu histofluorescence,it was found thatalmost all of the dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain exhibited PI fluorescence.No labeled non-dopaminergic neuron was seen in A8-9-10.With a transection ofthe unilateral medial forebrain bundle,a prominent accumulation of PI fluorescencewas seen within the distal segments of catecholaminergic fibers near the transection,but no accumulation of PI was seen in the proximal segments.With LV injectionof Evans blue(EB)or DAPI or ethidium bromide,animals did not exhibit anyvisible abnormality.In animals with LV injection of EB or DAPI,although somelabeled cells were seen in the distant areas of the brain,their distribution wasdistinctly different from that of PI labeling.The above results indicate that besidesconfirming the LV injection of PI results in a prominent abnormality and PI isselectively uptaken by Purkinje cells,we have found that:a)PI is able to enter theparenchyma from the cerebrospinal fluid and diffuse widely in the brain;b)LVinjection of PI results in a selective labeling in certain specific areas of the brain,and those selectively labeled cells in A8-9-10 all are dopaminergic neurons;c)these dopaminergi(?) cells are labeled through axonal uptake and retrograde transportof PI.

21 albino rats were used. The origin of the noradrenergic (NA) fibers in the septum was studied with a simultaneously combined retrograde fluorescent tracing and histofluorescence method. The results revealed that the NA neurons projecting to the septum were in A_1, A_2 and A_6 groups. The projections of A_1 were bilateral, But A_2 and A_6 projected dominantly to the ipsilateral septum, with a few to the contralateral. Retrograde labeled NA cells were localized in the rostrodorsal part of A_6 group, and scattered over the whole rostrocaudal length of A_(1,2) groups. No labeling was seen in A_4 and A_7 groups. In five of the animals, retrograde labeled NA cells were occasionally observed in A_5 group. In addition, some scattered labeled non-NA neurons were seen in the raphe and the ventrolateral reticular formation of the rostral medulla.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell ; pathology ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; pathology

Long non-coding RNA ( LncRNA) is a class of transcript (>200 nucleotides) that do not encode proteins. It plays an important role in epigenetic regulation and gene expression at transcriptional or post transcriptional level. The abnormal expression of LncRNA may lead to various pathological processes. Diabetic retinopathy ( DR ) is a multifactorial disease. Recent studies have shown that many specific expressions of LncRNAs are closely related to the genesis of DR. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the function of LncRNA, the regulatory mechanisms of LncRNA involved in the development of DR, and the related therapies.

Long-term use of systemic or topical glucocorticoid can cause posterior subcapsular opacities ( PSO ) , named glucocorticoid-induced cataract ( GIC ) . There are many hypotheses on the pathogenesis of GIC. However, no one has well explained the formation of PSO, which leads to no effective approaches in the prevention and/or treatment. A new opinion is that hormones might affect lens epithelial cells through GR - mediated vimentin changes, which eventually result in the formation of GIC. Therefore, the association between vimentin and lens epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, maybe a new direction for further studies in the pathogenesis of GIC.

Animals ; Cardiovascular System ; chemistry ; Female ; Group II Phospholipases A2 ; blood ; Group IV Phospholipases A2 ; blood ; Group V Phospholipases A2 ; blood ; Group X Phospholipases A2 ; blood ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical results of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction combined with the lateral retinacular release for the treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation.

METHODSFrom March 2011 to June 2013, 15 patients with recurrent patellar dislocation underwent arthroscopic MPFL reconstruction combined with the lateral retinacular release. The graft was autogenous semitendinosus and semimembranosus tendon. There were 5 males and 10 females with an average age of 19.4 years old (ranged,14 to 32 years old). The patients suffered recurrent patellar dislocation at least twice preoperatively. Preoperative conventional X-ray, CT, and MR examination were used to analyze the causes of the patellofemoral joint and MPFL injury. Preoperative Lysholm score was 69.85 ± 11.52. During operation, the arthroscopic examination was performed to evaluate the patellofemoral alignment and patellar tracking.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up for an average of 27.6 months (ranged,12 to 36 months) with no recurrent dislocation and sub-dislocation. All the patients showed negative apprehension test at straight and 30 ° flexions of knee. The range of motion of knee returned to normal level at 12 months after operation. There were no patients with subjective discomfort of knee. Postoperative Lysholm score was improved to 92.60 ± 5.75.

CONCLUSIONThe technique of arthroscopic MPFL reconstruction combined with the lateral retinacular release is an effective surgical procedure for the treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation, which can relieve the symptom of knee and improve the patella stability and knee function.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Arthroscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; surgery ; Male ; Patellar Dislocation ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Patellar Ligament ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Patellofemoral Joint ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Anaplasmosis ; complications ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Lyme Disease ; complications

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of the posterior fossa solid hemangioblastomas (PFSHs).Methods The data of 23 patients with PFSHs verified by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively.Results Nineteen cases were diagnosed with PFSHs before surgery.Total tumor removal was achieved in 22 patients.No case died of operation.A follow-up time was 0.33 -9.00 (2.96 ±2.73) years,20 patients returned to work,1 patient had self-handling living,and 2 patients died.Conclusions MRI and digital subtraction angiography are major preoperatively diagnostic modalities for PFSHs.PFSHs is still a kind of challenging neoplasms.Applicating special microsurgical technique and improving the operative manipulation can improve the surgical efficacy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) combined with inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombosis is regarded unresectable.Most of the patients received non-surgical treatment or gave up treatment,and the prognosis of these patients is poor.As the development of surgical treatment,the success rate of surgical treatment for HCC combined with IVC tumor thrombosis is increasing yearly.In May of 2012,one patient with HCC combined with IVC tumor thrombosis received hepatic Ⅴ,Ⅶ and Ⅷ segmentectomy + tumor thrombosis removal from the IVC at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University.Preoperative computed tomography showed space-occupying lesions in the segments Ⅴ,Ⅶ and Ⅷ,and the IVC was filled with tumor thrombi.The volume of the left liver was 489 cm3,which was under the limit for survival.In order to preserve the remnant liver,right hepatectomy with reservation of hepatic segment Ⅵ,and the tumor thrombi in the IVC were removed with total hepatic vascular exclusion.The patient was recovered with no tumor recurrence or metastasis at postoperative month 18.