AIM: To understand the epidemiology and related factors of strabismic amblyopia of students of primary school, and to provide guidances for the prevention and control strategy.
METHODS: A total of 600 cases of primary school students of Leshan City, Jiajiang County were given vision, oblique incidence and ocular and other screening. The prevalence rate of poor eyesight of strabismus, amblyopia prevalence rate of different sexes, ages were compared, and the degree of amblyopia and strabismus of children with different types of amblyopia and whether or not had stereoscopic vision were counted.
RESULTS: The prevalence rate of amblyopia and strabismus prevalence rate were respectively 4. 0% and 2.5%;With the growth of all age, low vision of students was significantly decreased, the difference of comparison of low vision rate of each age had statistical significance (P<0. 05), but different ages, strabismus prevalence of different sexes, amblyopia prevalence were compared, the difference had no significant differences ( P>0. 05 );Ametropic amblyopia was the main type, accounting for 55. 6%, and the degree of amblyopia mainly was light, moderate; ametropic amblyopia, most of ametropic amblyopia and strabismus had stereo vision, but there were no stereopsis of most of the strabismic amblyopia and all esotropia.
CONCLUSION:Ametropic is mainly type of amblyopia, the prevalence of relationship between the incidence of strabismic amblyopia of primary school students and sexes is not obvious, but the oblique amblyopia treatment effect, such as the establishment of stereoscopic vision and the age, eye position has a close relationship, should be early discovered, early treatment.

Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a heritable,progressive degenerative disorder that triggers central visual impairment.Research demonstrated that the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of vascular endothelial growth factor 1 (VEGFR1) gene is associated with AMD in different population.However,the results varied among diversified ethnic origin composition and distinct regions.Objective This study was to investigate the associations between the SNPs of VEGFR1 genetic variants along with smoking exposure and the risk of AMD in Hui and Han ethnics in the Ningxia population in China.Methods A case-control study was conducted.Four hundreds and thirty-two AMD patients including 325 Han ethnic patients and 107 Hui ethnic patients were recruited from March 2011 to June 2015,and 906 ethnicity-and gender-matched age-related cataract patients were contemporaneously recruited as control group,including 698 Han ethnic patients and 208 Hui ethnic patients.Periphery blood sample of 5 ml was collected from the subjects and genomic DNA was prepared.Eight tagging SNPs loci were acquired to cover rs2281827,rs3936415,rs7337610,rs7981680,rs9554320,rs9554322,rs9582036 and rs9943922,and the genotypes of SNPs were detected by using MassARRAYTM time-of-flight mass spectrometry system.Chi-square test and multi-factor Logistic regression analysis were utilized to estimate the discrepancy of allele frequency and genotype distribution in Hui and Han AMD patients.Moreover,the correlation of AMD with smoking and age statue were further analyzed.This study protocol complied with Helsinki Declaration and was approved by Ethic Committee of Ningxia Eye Hospital.Written informed consent was obtained before any relevant medical examination.Results There were significant differences in the age between AMD group and control group in both Han and Hui ethnicity (Han:P =0.000;Hui:P =0.009).The smoking exposure was significantly different between AMD group and control group in Han ethnicity (P =0.000),and smoking was the independent risk factor of AMD disease in Han ethnicity of N ingxia region (odds ratio [OR] =2.622,95％ confidence interval [CI]:1.899-3.619).The allele frequencies of SNPs were not significantly different in the AMD patients between Han and Hui ethnicity (all at P＞0.05).However,the allele frequencies and genotype distribution of rs7337610 and rs9554322 SNPs were significantly different between the AMD group and control group in both Han and Hui ethnicity (all at P=0.00).The genotype distribution of rs9582036 and rs9943922 SNPs was significantly different between the AMD group and control group in Han ethnicity (P=0.02,0.00).Allelic G of rs7337610 was the protective factor of AMD disease in Han and Hui ethnieity (OR=0.354,95％ CI:0.288-0.435;OR=0.446,95％ CI:0.315-0.632),while allelic C of rs9554322 was the risk factor of AMD disease in Han and Hui ethnicity (OR=1.671,95％ C1:1.234-2.262;OR=3.661,95％ CI:2.156-6.218).Allelic A of rs9582036 was the risk factor of AMD disease in Han ethnicity (OR =1.477,95％ CI:1.124-1.940).Conclusions Smoking is the independent risk component for Han population with AMD.Of the eight SNPs tagged,the genotypes and alleles of rs9554322 and rs7337610 seems to confer susceptibility to AMD in both Han and Hui ethnicity,the genotypes and alleles of rs9582036 and rs9943922 confer susceptibility to AMD in only Han ethnicity.

OBJECTIVE: To select the most effective method among different masking treatments, such as different thickness and transparence, tissue surface's opaque coating, and opaque resin cement to restore discolored teeth esthetically by porcelain veneer. METHODS: Four extracted intact maxillary central incisors were prepared for porcelain veneer restoration and each three heat pressed porcelain veneers from three thicknesses (0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.2 mm) and two transparency(high transparence, HT and low transparence, LT))in Vita shade A2 were fabricated for each tooth, in total of 72 pieces. The surfaces of three prepared teeth were then painted to mimic situations of severe dental fluorosis, severe tetracycline teeth, and necrotic teeth. Each of the veneers was temporarily cemented to the corresponding tooth surface using try-in cements with three different colors (transparent, opaque, and yellow), then used the shade guide (3D master) and electronic colorimeter (easy shade) to record the shade of each porcelain veneer through hue, lightness, and chroma reading. After that, high-transparence porcelain veneers in thickness of 0.8 mm was fused with a layer of opaque porcelain in tissue surface, and were shade matched again after cementation. Statistic treatments were performed to analyze the difference in each masking method. RESULTS: For each 0.2 mm increase in the veneer thickness of porcelain, the average lightness was reduced by 1 unit, while the chroma was not changed which was independent of the type of the resin cements. When the thickness of the porcelain veneer was decreased to 0.8 mm, the opacity effect was not remarkable even if a low-transparence porcelain veneer was used. Transparent and yellow resin cements had poor opaque performance, while opaque resin cement could reduce the lightness by 2 units and the chroma was also reduced. The opaque layer of the tissue surface could be applied uniformly, and the lightness and chroma could be reduced to Vita 2M1 to 2M1.5 levels regardless of the color of resin cements, which suggested a stable opacity effect for different discolored teeth in this study. CONCLUSION For porcelain veneer restoration of discolored teeth, thickened veneers are the most effective means to display a natural transmittance and color. Tissue surface's opacity coatings and opaque resin cements can also be used to reduce grayscale and increase lightness.
Color ; Humans ; Materials Testing ; Prosthesis Coloring ; Resin Cements ; Tooth Discoloration/therapy*

Objective To observe the protective and anti-apoptosis effects of Rannasangpei (RNSP) on brain ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established and the groups were divided as sham group, MCAO group, vehicle + MCAO group and RNSP + MCAO group. Neuronal deficient signs, brain infarct area, the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and the expression of caspase-3 were evaluated by neuronal deficient score, TTC (2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining and Western blot respectively. Results Compared with those parameters in sham group, the neuronal deficient signs, infarct area and caspase-3 expression increased evidently while the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax decreased markedly in MCAO group. But in RNSP+MCAO group, the neuronal deficient signs, infarct area and cas?pase-3 expression decreased greatly while the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax increased markedly compared with those parameters in MCAO group. Conclusion RNSP may have protective effects on brain ischemia and reperfusion, which is related to its an?ti-apoptosis role indicated by upregulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratios and downregulation of caspase-3.

AIMTo study the expression of leptin receptor (OB-R) and neuronal damage following focal ischemia/reperfusion in rats.

METHODS20 adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups randomly: sham-operated 24 h,72 h control group and ischemic/reperfusion 24 h, 72 h experiment group. Focal ischemia/reperfusion model was made with MCAO. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscope were used to observe the expression of OB-R of the cortex and neuronal damage.

RESULTSThe positive cells of OB-R were found in pyramidal cells of the parietal cortex, choroid plexus and blood vessel endothelium. Compared with sham-operated group, significant reduction of OB-R positive cells in the pyramidal cells was observed in the ischemia/reperfusion rats 24 hours after cerebral ischemia (P < 0.05). The positive cells of OB-R of sham-operated 72 h group reduced further (P < 0.01). Histochemistry and electron microscope showed neuronal damage in the core area of cerebral ischemia in the late period was more obvious than in the early period.

CONCLUSIONThe early and delayed ischemia/reperfusion neuronal damage were accompanied with reduction of OB-R expression. Thus, it is worth to study the effect of OB-R in cerebral ischemia.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cerebral Cortex ; metabolism ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression ; Male ; Neurons ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Leptin ; metabolism ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo analyse the polymorphism of squalene synthase gene and reveal the influence of squalene synthase (SQS) gene polymorphism on the catalytic efficiency of its encode enzyme in Glycyrrhiza uralensi.

METHODThe total RNA was extracted. PCR was used to amplify the coding sequences of squalene synthase gene, which were sequenced and analysed. The expression vectors containing different SQS gene sequences, including SQS1C, SQS1F, SQS2A, SQS2B, were constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21. The fusion protein was induced to express by IPTG, then was isolated, purified and used to carry out the enzymatic reaction in vitro. GC-MS was used to analyse the production.

RESULTThere were three kinds of gene polymorphism existing in SQS1 gene of G. uralensis, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), insertion/deletion length polymorphism (InDels) and level of amino acid, the proportion of conservative replace of SQS1 was 53.94%, and there were 2 mutational sites in structural domains. The proportion of conservative replace of SQS2 was 60%, and there was 1 mutational site in structural domains. The production squalene could be detected by GC-MS in all the 4 kinds of enzymatic reactions. The capacity of accumulating squalene of SQS1F was higher than other SQS genes.

CONCLUSIONThe polymorphism of SQS gene was quite abundant in G. uralensis, which maybe the molecular foundation of the formation of high-quality liquorice.

Amino Acid Substitution ; Biocatalysis ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; chemistry ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Glycyrrhiza uralensis ; enzymology ; genetics ; INDEL Mutation ; Isoenzymes ; genetics ; metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Recombinant Proteins ; metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Squalene ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the postoperative analgesic effect of parecoxib sodium in patients with posterior spinal surgery.

METHODSEighty patients undergoing posterior spinal surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into parecoxib sodium group and placebo group (n=40). All the patients received a single dose of m ml morphine (1.0 mg/ml) as the background analgesia immediately after the operation. The patients in parecoxib sodium group were given 40 mg parecoxib sodium intravenously, and those in the placebo group received an equivalent volume of saline instead, and at 24 and 48 h after the operation, the same dose was repeated. The visual analog pain score, patient satisfaction and adverse reactions were recorded after the administrations.

RESULTSCompared with the placebo group, the patients in parecoxib sodium group had significantly lowered VAS score at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after the operation (P<0.05). No significant differences were noted in the patient satisfaction and adverse reactions between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONPostoperative short-term use of parecoxib sodium can can provide good postoperative analgesic effect in patients undergoing posterior spinal surgery.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ; therapeutic use ; Anesthesia, General ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Isoxazoles ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Pain, Postoperative ; drug therapy ; Spinal Diseases ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo reveal the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) gene polymorphism of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and the correlation between HMGR gene polymorphism and the content of glycyrrhizic acid.

METHODLiquorice plants containing different content of glycyrrhizic acid were used as materials. RT-PCR was used to amplify their HMGR gene sequences, which were connected with vector pMD19-T for clone sequencing. Multiple alignments were performed to analyse HMGR gene polymorphism of G. uralensis. Then the correlation between HMGR gene polymorphism and the content of glycyrrhizic acid was revealed.

RESULTHMGR gene sequences polymorphism included codon mutation, base substitution mutation, copy number polymorphism and allele heterozygosity. There were 4 types of mutations in HMGR gene coding amino acid sequences, namely -HSL, -HSV, GALLV, GALSV. Among them, -HSV type was common in liquorice plants, -HSL type only existed in liquorice plants with low content of glycyrrhizic acid, and GALSV type only existed in liquorice plants with high content of glycyrrhizic acid.

CONCLUSIONHMGR gene sequences of G. uralensis are highly polymorphic and related to the content of glycyrrhizic acid.

Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; Glycyrrhiza uralensis ; enzymology ; genetics ; metabolism ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; metabolism ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Isoenzymes ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

OBJECTIVETo analyse the effect of expression proteins containing different escherichia coli of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-coenzyme A reductase(HMGR) genic mutation on the conversion efficiency of MVA with GC-MS method, in order to lay a foundation for revealing the function of HMGR gene polymorphism of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in the production of high-quality G. uralensis medicines.

METHODThe expression carrier was established from four HMGR genic mutation types cloned from G. uralensis and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21. The protein was induced to express, detected and purified. The purified protein was adopted for in vitro enzymatic reaction. TLC and GC-MS were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis on reaction products.

RESULTThe catalytic activity of L/V genotype(-HSL and -HSV) was similar, and so was the catalytic activity of the genotype with GA insertion (GALLV and GALSV), but the catalytic activity of the latter was around 2 times higher than that of the former.

CONCLUSIONThe functional gene polymorphism of G. uralensis may be the molecular foundation for the production of high-quality G. uralensi medicines.

Biocatalysis ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Cloning, Molecular ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Glycyrrhiza uralensis ; enzymology ; genetics ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mutation ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombinant Proteins ; metabolism

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopamine (DA) can stimulate growth hormone (GH) release, but their effects on GH mRNA synthesis are controversial and deficient in fish. Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is a hermaphroditic marine fish with sex reversal. Few data are available concerning the regulation of GH in grouper. In the present study, the effects of GnRH and DA on GH release and GH mRNA expression were determined using pituitary fragments of orange-spotted grouper under static culture conditions. After incubation from 1 h to 24 h, salmon GnRH (sGnRH, 100 nmol/L) stimulated the release of GH and increased the level of GH mRNA time-dependently. The minimum duration of sGnRH effect was 1 h. Both of sGnRH and mammalian GnRH (mGnRH) augmented the release of GH and the level of GH mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. The potency of sGnRH on both GH release and GH mRNA level was more pronounced than that of mGnRH. The effects of 1 micromol/L APO (Apomorphine), an agonist of D(1)/ D(2) dopamine receptors, significantly stimulated GH release and GH mRNA synthesis after incubation for 12 h. APO stimulated GH release and GH mRNA abundance in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that both GnRH and DA directly stimulate GH release and GH mRNA expression at the pituitary level, the actions of GnRH are more potent than that of DA in orange-spotted grouper.
Animals ; Dopamine ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; pharmacology ; Gonadotropins, Pituitary ; metabolism ; Growth Hormone ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; secretion ; Perciformes ; genetics ; metabolism ; Pituitary Gland ; cytology ; metabolism ; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones ; secretion ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics