Chemometrics is a new branch of chemistry which is widely applied to various fields of analytical chemistry. Chemometrics can use theories and methods of mathematics, statistics, computer science and other related disciplines to optimize the chemical measurement process and maximize access to acquire chemical information and other information on material systems by analyzing chemical measurement data. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has attracted widespread attention. In the research of traditional Chinese medicine, it has been a key problem that how to interpret the relationship between various chemical components and its efficacy, which seriously restricts the modernization of Chinese medicine. As chemometrics brings the multivariate analysis methods into the chemical research, it has been applied as an effective research tool in the composition-activity relationship research of Chinese medicine. This article reviews the applications of chemometrics methods in the composition-activity relationship research in recent years. The applications of multivariate statistical analysis methods (such as regression analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, etc. ) and artificial neural network (such as back propagation artificial neural network, radical basis function neural network, support vector machine, etc. ) are summarized, including the brief fundamental principles, the research contents and the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the existing main problems and prospects of its future researches are proposed.
Informatics ; methods ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Statistics as Topic ; methods ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Support Vector Machine

l014 faecal specimens were collected from 4 hospitals in Nanjing to investigate the infection of Cryptosporidium. Each faecal specimen was smeared and screened by auramine-phenol staining method for oocyst, the positive and suspected specimens were identified by modified acid-fast staining method and safranin-methylene blue staining method. The result showed that 13 spccimens were positive by auramine-phenol staining method and confirmed by modified acid-fast staining method. 5 suspected specimens were negative as shown by the latter two methods.The best result could be obtained when auramine-phenol staining method was first used and folloWed by modified acid-fast staining method. This-technique is simple, sensitive and reliable. It is difficult to find oocysts by safranin methylene blue staining method when the oocysts are few (Figs. l-3).

Objective:To investigate the role of the transient receptor potential melastatin subfamily member 7 (TRPM7) ion channel in the proliferation and migration of oral squamous cancer cells OC2.Methods:The expression of TRPM7 in OC2 cells was examined by western blotting,RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay.The influence of TRPM7 on cell proliferation and migration under the inhibition of TRPM7 ion channel with 2-APB or siRNA TRPM7 in OC2 cells was examined by MTT and Transwell respectively.The influence of PI3K/AKT signal pathway on the expression of TRPM7 in OC2 cells was tested by Western blotting.The change of positive ion current when the OC2 cells were treated with TRPM7 inhibitor and activator was explored with patch clamp technique.Results:TRPM7 overexpression in OC2 cells mainly in the cytoplasm was observed,siRNA TRPM7 downregulated the expression of TRPM7.Inhibition of TRPM7 (2-APB or siRNA TRPM7) inhibited the growth and proliferation of OC2 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner.Blockage of TRPM7 ion channel inhibited the migration capacity of OC2 cells.Inhibition of TRPM7 downregulated the expression of phosphorylated AKT and phosphorylated ERK.Patch clamp assay showed the activation of TRPM7-like current in OC2 cells.2-APB could weaken this current while Bradykinin could enhance the current.Conclusion:TRPM7 may regulate the proliferation and migration of oral cancer cells by the regulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signal pathways and cell positive current.

Objective To study the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic splenectomy for splenic diseases.Method We retrospectively studied the outcomes of 55 patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy from May 2007 to December 2009.Splenic diseases included idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (n=11),autoimmune hemolytic anemia (n=6),hereditary spherocytosis (n=1),splenic lymphoma (n =1),splenic cyst (n=10),splenic angioma (n=5),vascular tumor of spleen (n=2),cirrhosis,portal hypertension and hypersplenism (n=9),cirrhosis and hyperplenism (n=9),and idiopathic splenomegaly (n=1).Results All patients underwent laparoscopic splenectomy,and there was no conversion to open surgery.The operation time (mean±S.D.) was (119.7±33.0) min.The intraoperative blood loss (mean± S.D.) was (83.8± 65.2) ml,and the postoperative hospital stay (mean±S.D.) was (5.7±1.1) days.One patient developed postoperative ascites,and 7 patients had drain fluid rich in amylase.There was no perioperatively death.Conclusion Laparoscopic splenectomy was safe and efficacious for splenic diseases.

Objective To investigate the common complications related to glomus jugulare tumors surgery,their influencing factors,and to search for the effective treatments of these complications.Methods A retrospective study was undertaken on the complications observed in 47 patients with glomus jugulare tumors who underwent 51 times of operation via trans external auditory canal approach,the retroauricular approach,and modified infratemporal fossa approach type A.All cases were followed up over 1 month after surgery.Results Of 51 cases,the most frequent complication was total conductive hearing loss which occurred in 21 cases(41.2%),facial paralysis was found in 15 cases(29.4%) and lower cranial nerve palsy was found in 14 cases(27.5%) after one month.Other complications were cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) leak,hearing disability and vertigo,each in 3 cases(5.9%);cerebral infarction,partial auricle necrosis and parotid gland fistula,each occurred in one case(2.0%).Pre-operative selective embolization of feeding vessels can reduce intraoperative blood loss significantly in most cases.Effective hemostasis and hypotensive anesthesia during operation were the important ways to prevent complications and hematoma within operating field.CSF leak in this series was an uncommon complication.Two cases with CSF leak from the wound had been successfully controlled with conservative treatment.One case with CSF leak required surgical management.None of these patients developed meningitis.Conclusions There is a low level of serious post-operative complications in operation on glomus jugulare tumor.Factors found to be relevant to post-operative complications are tumor type and tumor size.The key factors to avoid the complications include surgical experience,surgical skill and preoperative evaluation of patients′ imaging information.

Objective To explore the interventional method to treat biliary recurrent jaundice after T tube drainage in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice due to cholangiocarcinoma. Methods 7 bili ary metallic stents were placed in 7 patients with recurrent jaundice after T tube drainage in cholangiocarcinoma cases. Results Stent placement was once successful in all 7 cases with successful rate of 100%. For all cases, TBIL,ALT,GTP and AKP values 7 days postoperatively were significantly lower than that of preoperation together with subsidence of jaundice satisfactorily for 100% after the treatment.Conclusions Percutaneous placement of biliary metallic stents was effective economic, minimal invasive and safe for palliation of biliary recurrent jaundice after T tube drainage in cholangiocarcinoma induced obstructive jaundice.

Objective This study examined the effects of Midazolum-ketamine oral solution (MKOS) on the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors (GABAAR) mRNA in the cerebral cortex of rat, in order to investigate the sedation mechanism of MKOS. Methods Fifty Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were divided into ten groups according to the observed time after MKOS administration (0,5,10, 15,30,60,90,120,240 and 360 minutes, n =5 each). The 0 minute group(control group) received 0.9% saline instead. Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization were used to detect the expressions of NMDAR1 and GABAAR mRNA in the cerebral cortex. Results Both GABAAR and NMDAR1 all expressed in the glial cells of cerebral cortex. The expression of NMDAR1 in control group was strong. The expression of NMDAR1 became weaker during 15 to 90 minutes after administration of MKOS (P＜0.05). The expression of GABAAR mRNA in control group was weaker,while became stronger during 30 to 90 minutes after administration of MKOS (P ＜0. 05). Conclusion MKOS may play sedation by strengthening the expression of GABAAR and suppressing the expression of NMDAR1 in the cerebral cortex.

Objective: To study the effect of bilirubin on the functional changes of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) induced by acute exercise. [WT5FZ]Methods:[WT5BZ] 41 Wistar male rats were divided into five groups, control group, exercise group, exercise recovery group, bilirubin treated exercise group and bilirubin treated exercise recovery group. The rats were administered with 1 ?mol/kg body weight of bilirubin or saline once every day for 4 weeks. After swimming with load for 2 h, all of the rats were killed and several indices were determined. [WT5FZ]Results:[WT5BZ] Bilirubin could inhibit the decrease of Ca 2+ content and the increase of Ca 2+ ,Mg 2+ ATPase activity in SR induced by acute exercise, and inhibit the increase of Mg 2+ content in cytoplasm. [WT5FZ]Conclusion:[WT5BZ] Bilirubin may delay the development of fatigue induced by acute exercise through protecting certain functions of SR.

Objective To explore the effect of fatty liver on graft survival, especially with reference to macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis and to evaluate the relationship between histological grading and inflammation activity. Methods Different degrees of rat fatty liver model were established by feeding rats a diet consisting of 79% standard diet, 20% lard and 1% cholesterol. By modified two cuff vascular anastomoses and end to end suture for bile duct, rat orthotopic liver transplantation was performed to evaluate the relationship between donor histological grading and survival rate. Results Low survival rate of macrosteatosis (grade Ⅲ) was found. Most rats died of liver failure in early days after transplantation. Pathological findings showed frequent hepatic necrosis. There was no significant difference between macrosteatosia(gradeⅠ) and the normal group. After transplantation, almost all of the fat was cleared by the end of the fourth week. Diminished steatosis and liver regeneration were found in macrosteatosis (gradeⅡ), while microsteatotic donors had higher survival rate than the other groups except the normal group. Conclusion Macrovesicular steatosis(grade Ⅲ) affects graft survival and these steatotic livers should not be used as donors. However, steatotic livers with mild macrovesicular steatosis (grade Ⅰ) and microvesicular steatosis(grade Ⅲ) do not influence recipient survival, so these livers can be used safely for liver transplantation. The ischemic damage should be considered when using livers of macrovesicular steatosis(gradeⅡ). Donors with numbering score more than 2.7 are correlated with the poor survival.

Objective To observe the survival time, pathological change and liver regeneration in different kinds of reduced size liver transplantation in steatotic rats. Methods Rat models of different kinds of reduced size orthotopic liver transplantation were performed by modified two cuff vascular anastomoses and end to end suture for bile duct to observe the recipient body weight, graft weight, recipient original liver weight, histological and pathological and electron microscopic findings in comparison with those of the whole rat liver transplantation. Results One week survival rate of the whole liver transplantation, 70% reduced size liver transplantation(ROLT), 60% ROLT and 50% ROLT group (grade Ⅰsteatotic donor) was 91.67%, 75%, 75% and 25%, respectively, and 2 week survival rate was 83.33%, 75%, 58.33% and 0, respectively. In grade Ⅱ steatotic donor, 1 week survival rate of the whole liver transplantation and 70% ROLT was 83.33% and 25%. As to donor livers with microvesicular steatosis, 1 week survival rate of the whole liver, 70% ROLT, 60%ROLT and 50% ROLT was 83.33%, 75%, 75% and 33.33% and the 2 week survival rate was 75%, 66.67% 66.67% and 0. The survival rates of 50% ROLT in grade Ⅰ steatotic donor and livers mainly with microvesicular steatosis were significantly different from those in other groups. The 1 week survival rate of 70% ROLT was very poor in steatotic donors in grade Ⅱ. Pathological findings after operation included liver regeneration and mild lymphocyte infiltration in portal space, the amelioration of the steatosis in some cases and dilation of the central vein and sinusoids. Conclusion To obtain long term survival of reduced size liver transplantation using steatotic donors, the GRBW should be over (2.28?0.12)(the ratio of graft to recipient liver weight over 60%). Steatotic livers in grade Ⅱ should not be used as donors in ROLT. The steatosis can be ameliorated after operation.