BACKGROUND:Using three dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques,any part of body is accessible to visual observation.However,reports concerning 3D reconstruction of craniofacial vascularity based on PC are few in China.OBJECTIVE:To explore the method and the application values of reconstructing a digital 3D model of craniofacial vascularity based on the data of CT strengthening scanning.METHODS:CT strengthening scan images from a healthy volunteer in DICOM format were imported into Mimics 10.01 software and craniofacial blood vessels were reconstructed with the technique of thresholding,editing and 3D region growing.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The 3D digital model of craniofacial blood vessels was obtained.This model could be zoomed and rotated randomly and displayed the spatial positions and adjacent relationships of different anatomical structures,also the reconstructed structures could be measured in 3D space.The 3D digital model of craniofacial blood vessels can be reconstructed conveniently and quickly with Mimics software on PC,and also it can bring morphological reference to human anatomy teaching,clinical neurosurgery,oral and maxillofacial surgery,as well as image diagnosis,and will be helpful to generate a virtual plateform in craniofacial surgery.

Objective To determine the weight coefficient of the customer requirements of emergency infusion equipment.Methods Customer requirements were made clear using methods of literature research, personal interviews and expert meeting. Analytic hierarchy process approach was adopted to establish the hierarchical structure model, construct paired comparison matrix structure, calculate the weight coefficient and make logic consistency check.Results The weight coefficients were determined for 8 primary and 36 secondary customer requirements, which all met the logical consistency check (CR<0.1).Conclusion The research and development of emergency infusion equipment has to pay attention to such key requirements firstly as safety, efficacy and portability, and the intelligence has to be supported by the key requirements and intermediate needs.

Anatomic structure in craniofacial region is very complicated and orthognathic surgery is difficultly performed.Therefore,it is necessary to generate virtual surgical model from CT scan data before operation on personal computer in order to make surgery more accurate.This technique has been increasingly interested in the field of orthognathic surgery both at home and abroad.The sample was scanned with thin-layer CT.CT image data (336 layer,1.0 mm slice thickness) were analyzed with the Mimics software.Simultaneously,three-dimensional model and virtual surgery of the facial cranium were established.The digitized virtual surgical platform of facial cranium was preliminarily created,and three common surgical methods in maxillofacial surgery,i.e.,LeFort Ⅰ osteotomy,mandibular angle osteotomy,and genioplasty,for maxillofacial surgery were simulated.The results showed that the digitized virtual surgical platform of facial cranium could be generated with the Mimics software on personal computer,which provides convenient and quick methods for research,teaching,and clinical surgery.More importantly,it creates theoretical basis for virtual surgical platform which can be widely used on personal computer.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between CD4+ T lymphocyte count and results of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) coinfected patients.Methods A total of 193 HIV-infected individuals in Yunnan Province and Shanghai were enrolled.T-SPOT.TB assay was employed to detect M.tb specific T lymphocyte in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).CD4+ T lymphocyte in PBMC from the enrolled subjects was detected by flow cytometry.Data were analyzed using t test.ResultsThe incidence of latent tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals was 30.6％.The CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected individuals with active tuberculosis were 190×106/L,which were significantly lower than those in HIV-infected individuals with latent tuberculosis (484×106/L; t=6.665,P＜0.01).The HIV-infected individuals were stratified according to CD4+ T lymphocyte counts of ＞500×106/L,200×106-500×106/L,and ＜200×106/L and the constituent ratios of active tuberculosis/latent tuberculosis were 1∶16.2,1∶1.3 and 5.6∶1,respectively.Among 79 subjects with positive T-SPOT.TB results,20 were coinfected with active tuberculosis,in which 14 had CD4+ T lymphocyte counts of ＜200 ×106/L,5 had 200×105-500×106/L and 1 had ＞500×106/L.Fifty-two in 59 HIV/latent tuberculosis patients individuals had CD4+ T lymphocyte counts of ＞200×106/L.ConclusionsThe prevalence of latent tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals is high in China.Cellular immunity in HIV-infected individuals with active tuberculosis is severely impaired.With the decrease of CD4 ′ T lymphocyte counts,patients with latent tuberculosis are prone to develop active tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals.The negative predictive value of T-SPOT.TB is significantly diminished in patient with low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts,especially less than 200×106/L.

To investigate the effect of flavonoids from Sophora flavescens in aging mice induced by D-galactose and its mechanism. Totally 60 mice were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, the model group, the piracetam group (positive control group) and flavonoids from S. flavescens low, medium and high doses groups. Except for the control group, all of the rest groups were subcutaneously injected with D-galactose (160 mg x kg(-1)) for successively 30 days to establish the sub-acute senescent model. Meanwhile, flavonoids from S. flavescens low, medium and high doses groups were respectively administered with 150, 300 and 600 mg xkg-('1)of flavonoids from S. flavescens for 30 days. The learning and memory abilities of mice were determined by avoiding darkness ex-eriment and jumping stair experiment. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) tumor necrosis factor-aα NF-aα the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) Na'(+)K'(+)-ATPase and Ca2(+ )-ATPase in the brain of mice were deter-ined respectively after the behavioral experiments. The activity of lactic dehydrogenase ( DH) in blood serum was also determined and analyzed by microscope after HE staining to observe the changes in hippocampal organizational structure. Compared with the model group, flavonoids from S. favescens medium and high doses groups showed significantly increases in the latency of avoiding darkness and jumping stair experiments; flavonoids from S. fllvescens low, medium and high doses groups and the piracetam group showed de-reases in the numbers of errors in avoiding darkness experiment; the flavonoids from S. flavescens high dose group and the piracetam group showed reduction- n the number of errors in jumping stair experiment (P <0 . 5 or P <0 . 1). Flavonoids from S. flavescens me-ium and high doses groups and the piracetam group showed improvements in the activities of SOD, Na'(+)K'(+)ATPase in the brain of mice and declines in the contents of MDA and TNF-aα the activity of MAO-B in the brain of mice, the activity of LDH in blood serum (P <0 . 5 or P <0 . 1). Flavonoids from S. flavescens low, medium and high doses groups and the piracetam group also showed im-rovement in the activity of Ca2(+ )ATPase, with statistical difference from the model group (P <0 . 5 or P <0 . 1). The pathological result showed decreases in the number of cells of hippocampal dentate gyrus area, sparse cell arrangement, incomplete cellular mor-hology, scarce cytoplasm, blurred boundary between nucleus and cytoplasm, nuclei anachromasis, irregular pyknosis and unconspicu-us nucleoli in the model group. Compared with the model group, flavonoids from S. flavescens low, medium and high doses groups and the piracetam group showed improvements in hippocampal organization tissues. Flavonoids from S. favescens can improve the learning and memory ability of senescent mice induced by D-galactose. Its mechanism may be correlated with the enhancement of anti-oxidative actions by lowering TNF-aαcontent, which results in the stability of cell membrane and the reduction in MAO-B activity.
Aging ; drug effects ; metabolism ; psychology ; Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Flavonoids ; administration & dosage ; Galactose ; adverse effects ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Mice ; Sophora ; chemistry ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

Objective] To evaluate effect of health literacy intervention in occupational groups , explore suitable ways and provide suggestions for workplace health promotion . [ Methods ] In application of convenience sampling , Minhang District , Hongkou District and Qingpu District each selected 2 enterprises respectively according to their type , scale and location , setting one as intervention enterprise and the other as control .Then a six-month comprehensive intervention was conducted among intervention groups .Two hundred employees in each enterprise were randomly investigated before and after intervention to evaluate the effect . [ Results ] The overall health literacy level of participants in the intervention group rose from 16.7% to 33.4%, with improvement on the literacy levels of scientific view , infectious diseases prevention and treatment , chronic disease control and prevention and the three aspects of health literacy content ( P<0 .05 ) , while such improvement was not reflected in the control group , and health skill literacy, safety and first aid literacy declined (P <0.05). [Conclusion] Comprehensive intervention based on health needs could improve the level of health literacy of occupational groups . Intervention in future should focus on improving the literacy of chronic disease control and prevention and basic medical care in occupational population .

Health self-management group adopts the mode of chronic disease self-management and offers a series of courses for community residents in order to help them carry out health self-management. For healthy people, the program aims at disease prevention by means of improving health literacy, acquiring health knowledge and skills, and developing a healthy lifestyle.While for patients, the program aims to prevent or slow the progression of diseases by means of helping them deal with their condition, achieving disease self-management. By nearly ten years of exploration and practice in Shanghai communities, with the program a working system had been established which was dominated by patriotic health campaign committee office at the levels of city and district, and technologically supported by centers for disease control and prevention with support and cooperation of the town government.The program was implemented by community health service centers and neighborhood ( village ) committee.A large-scale and whole-society promotion had been really achieved in community residents with health self-management. By the end of 2015, health self-management groups had covered all of the city's streets ( town ) and neighborhood ( village ) committee, 26 thousand groups set up and nearly 440 thousand community residents participated in group activities.

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship on the prevalence rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatitis B vaccination in urban citizens aged over 20 years old which would led to the development of strategies on HBV control.

METHODSA total of 3744 subjects from general population were randomly selected in this study. Both ELISA and radio immunoassay were used to test five items of HBV infection, including HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe and anti-HBc.

RESULTSThe overall standardized infection rate of HBV was 51.7%, and HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe and anti-HBc were 4.5%, 48.5%, 0.3%, 3.5% and 51.4%, respectively. The two lowest HBsAg positive rates were found in the groups under 30 years old (2.9%) and students (2.6%). Anti-HBc rate among men was significantly higher than seen in women (P < 0.05), and showing a trend of increase with age (chi2 for trend = 256.2, P < 0.001). The standardized rates of HB vaccination in this population was 17.6% and decreasing rapidly with age (P < 0.05). People who had been vaccinated had both lower rates of HBsAg and HBV infection but higher rate of anti-HBs than those who had not (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONHB vaccination in adults showed a reducing rate of HBV infection in the general population. Together with the enhancement of expanded program on immunization towards HB vaccination in neonates, much attention should be paid to HB vaccination in adults.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; immunology ; Hepatitis B virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Young Adult

Objective To understand the current status of health literacy among Shanghai residents, and to provide information for developing health policy and health education intervention strategies. Methods During 2008-2015, residents of 15-69 years old in Shanghai were investigated, with multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Results Annual increase of health literacy among Shanghai residents of 15-69 years old was witnessed, i.e.21.94%in 2015, an increase of 14.97%com-pared with that in 2008.Among three aspects of health literacy, the level of basic health concept and knowledge, and the level of health related skills were higher than the level of health lifestyle and behaviors.Among six types of health issues, except for infectious disease prevention and health informa-tion, the health literacy level of other four health issues were improved significantly.During the past eight years, the health literacy level of all types of people improved.However, the health literacy level among residents in rural area or with low education level was lower than other groups, and was increasing with slower pace. Conclusoin The intervention of health literacy gains obvious benefits , however,intensive intervention is required for residents with lower health literacy .

Objective:To determine the prevalence of facility-based HIV testing and its associated factors among men who have sex with men （MSM） in Shanghai. Methods:From June 2018 to December 2020， MSM were recruited by a community organization “Shanghai CSW&MSM Center （SCMC）”. A total of 3 251 MSM were included as follows： being 18 years old and above， being HIV-negative or with unknown HIV status， living in Shanghai， had homosexual behavior in the past year， and completed informed consent. Using a self-designed questionnaire， we performed an online survey powered by www.wjx.cn to collect information on demographics， sexual behavior， and facility-based HIV testing. A total of 3 240 valid questionnaires were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the factors associated with facility-based HIV testing. Results:A total of 3 240 MSM participated in the study with mean age of （29.7±6.2） years .The prevalence of facility-based HIV testing was 63.2% （2 049/3 240）， Multivariate logistic regression showed that the participants with a college degree or above were less likely to have facility-based HIV testing（OR=0.73，P=0.008）， compared to those with lower educational background. The proportion of the MSM who sought sexual partners through the internet received facility-based testing was 68.7%. Compared to the participants with the sexual role being 0 （only be penetrated）， those being 0.5 （both penetrated and be penetrated） and 1 （only penetrated） were both more likely to have the HIV testing （both P<0.05）. Those who used condoms during the last homosexual behavior were more likely to be tested than those who did not （OR=1.39， P=0.001）. Those who had been diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases were more likely to be tested than those who did not （OR=2.05， P<0.001）. The participants who had used HIV self-testing kits in the past were more likely to be tested than those who did not （OR=2.31， P<0.001）. Conclusion:MSM in Shanghai have lower utilization of facility-based HIV testing， which may be improved by strengthening the advocacy of facility-based HIV testing services through the internet and peer education， and innovating service models.