Objective To investigate the interest,cognition degree,participation degree and current situation of the advanced undergraduate clinical students in our college,to discuss the reason for low level of students' scientific research quality,in order to provide the reference to making research training programs for them.Methods The advanced undergraduates of seven-year and five-year clinical program interned in orthopedics department from January to June in 2014 were selected with cluster sampling method,and investigated anonymously by questionnaires and interview.120 students were investigated by questionnaire,and 120 effective questionnaires were taken back.30 students were interviewed.Results The results showed that 90.0 percent (n=108) of students were interested in scientific activity,and 47.5 percent (n=57) of students had participated in scientific lectures.In interviews,students think factors hindering the research on the participation in scientific research are:1)too many courses and heavy school tasks;2) absence of relative knowledge;3) lack of support from college;4) tough condition for scientific training;5) immature management system.Conclusion The advanced undergraduate clinical students had great interest in scientific activity,but had few opportunities to take part in,leading to their low level of scientific research quality.A variety of measures should be taken to bolster their scientific training.

Objective To investigate the effects of long-term,low-dose hormone replacement therapy(HRT) on serum level of creactive protein(CRP) and homocysteine(Hcy) in postmenopausal women.Methods A total of 141 postmenopausal women were selected from medical staff of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital.Of these,63 subjects have been treated with low-dose sex hormone for over 5 years(HRT group),78 subjects have never received hormone replacement therapy as control group.The serum levels of CRP and Hcy in two groups were evaluated.Results The serum level of estradiol(E_2) in HRT group was significant higher than that in control group(median,inter-quartile range;33.8 ng/L,30.9 vs 21.3 ng/L,33.2)(P0.05).There was no correlation between the serum level of CRP,Hcy and the plasma levels of E_2 and FSH respectively.Conclusion Long-term and low-dose HRT does not increase the serum level of CRP and Hcy in postmenopausal women.

Objective To observe the effect of rosiglitazone on the concentration of interlukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in lung tissues of diabetic rats.Methods The experimental diabetic rats were yielded by injecting streptozotocin(STZ) and feeding with high fat and high glucose food.We observed lung morphology in control group,diabetes mellitus(DM) group,and rosiglitazone group at 10 week and 20 week respectively under light microscope.Alteration of IL-6 and IL-10 in lung was measured by immunohistochemistry.Results The optical density values of IL-6 in the control group,the DM group and the roggerosiglitazone treatment group were 0.15 ±0.01,0.16 ±0.01;0.22 ±0.02,0.31 ±0.04;0.22 ±0.03,and 0.20 ±0.02 at 10 week and 20 week respectively (Fwithin =216.89,P ＜ 0.01 ; Fbetween =342.62,P ＜ 0.01 ; Finteraction =341.51,P ＜ 0.01).Any two groups had significant difference(P ＜ 0.05) except the comparison of the IL-6 values at 10 week and 20 week in the control group (P ＞ 0.05).The absorbance values of IL-10 in the three groups were 0.13 ± 0.01,0.15 ±0.02;0.20 ±0.01,0.21 ±0.01;0.20 ±0.02,and 0.17 ±0.01 at 10 week and 20 week respectively (Fwithin =14.612,P ＜0.01 ;Fbetween =909.19,P ＜0.01 ;Finteraction =210.55,P ＜0.01).Any two groups had significant difference(P ＜0.05) except the comparison of the IL-6 values at 10 week and 20 week in the control group.Conclusion The elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in lung tissue of dibtetic rats might be related to the inflammation of lung tissues.Rosiglitazone may alleviate lung inflammation by regulating the levels of IL-6 and IL-10.

Objective To develop an ideal substitution material for bladder defect ,which can reduce serious complications of urinary intestinal diversion ,we establish experimental rabbit model of reconstruction the new bladder by ileal seromuscular with transplantation of autologous peritoneum .This animal research provides the basical ground for the experimental model and further clinical application of replacement bladder .Methods Randomly ,seven experimental female rabbits were chosen ,and their body weight was 4 .0-5 .0 kg .By intravenous anesthesia ,the bladder substitute operation was carried out (to transplant the peritoneum to an ileum segment which mucosa had been removed .These flaps were used to mend and reconstruct the bladder by composite cys‐toplasty) .Animals were euthanized at 4 ,8 weeks for routine pathology and immunohistochemistry .Results Seven rabbits under‐went reconstruction ,but three were lost to complications .The length of ileum was 4 .0 cm ,and the area of substitute peritoneum was 4 .0 cm × 2 .5 cm .Voiding behaviour was normal ,and urine was clear in the remainder .At autopsy ,reconstructed bladders were healthy .Pathological examination showed that the technique was successful in creating seromuscular segments with no epithelial remnants .When applied surgically ,the seromuscular flaps with peritoneum survived at 4 weeks and the peritoneum was substituted by transitional epithelium at 8 weeks .Conclusion In this experimental rabbit model ,reconstruction bladder by autologous peritone‐um and seromuscular segment is an ideal approach for which can prevent regrowth by ileal epithelial cells and overcome the compli‐cations of conventional enterocystoplasty .Voiding behaviour is normal in the remainder .This animal study provides the basical ground for the large experimental model and further clinical application of the new enterocysplasty .

Objective To explore the change trend and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens causing infection in extensive burn patients,and provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment.Methods Specimens from 9 extensive burn patients who were admitted to a hospital at the same time were performed pathogenic culture and an-timicrobial susceptibility testing, change trend and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens were observed. Results The main specimen was wound secretion,accounting for 93.81 %.The major pathogens causing infection were Acinetobacter baumannii (44.85%),Staphylococcus aureus (32.47%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.37%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.15%).With the prolongation of hospital stay,pathogens changed from one kind to multiple strains, and from susceptibility to resistance,multidrug resistance,and extensive drug resistance. Conclusion Itis difficult to avoid infection in burn patients,timely realizing the changes of pathogens causing infec-tion and antimicrobial resistance play an important role in the control of infection.

To establish a method based on a pseudotyped virus assay for screening drugs for anti-H5N1 avian influenza virus, and then to evaluate anti-virus activity of traditional Chinese herbal compounds with the function of purgation, detoxification, cooling the blood and reinforcing the healthy qi based on seropharmacology.

Objective To explore the effects of willed movement on neurological performance and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) pathway in rats following focal cerebral ischemia.Methods Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in 144 male SpragueDawley rats using intraluminal sutures,and they were randomly divided into a control group,a swimming exercise group,an environment modification group,and a willed movement group.The observation time points were at 7,15 and 30 days after reperfusion.A behavioral test was performed to evaluate any neurological deficiency.Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were used to detect the ERK and CREB responses in terms of mRNA and phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) protein in the peri-ischemic brain tissue.Results The climbing frequency of the willed movement group was significantly higher than that of the environment modification group.Three days after reperfusion the neurological deficit scores of all groups began to decrease,and that of the willed movement group had decreased significantly more than in the other three groups at all time points.ERK/CREB mRNA and pERK and pCREB protein expression were dramatically up-regulated in the willed movement group at 7,15 and 30 days after reperfusion,significantly more than in the other three groups.Conclusions Willed movement may promote motor recovery by up-regulating and activating the ERK/CREB pathway following focal cerebral ischemia.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of different doses of dexmedetomidine for prevention of shivering after combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in the patients undergoing caesarean section.Methods A total of 120 patients,of ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅱ,aged 20-40 yr,with body mass index≤ 35 kg/m2,scheduled for elective caesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =30 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and dexmedetomidine 0.1,0.3 and 0.5 μg/kg groups (D1,D2 and D3 groups).Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia was performed at L3,4 interspace with isobaric 0.5％ bupivacaine 2 ml.In D1,D2 and D3 groups,dexmedetomidine 0.1,0.3 and 0.5 μg/kg (in 50 ml of normal saline) were infused intravenously,respectively.In group C,normal saline 50 ml was infused at a rate of 5 ml/min.The development of shivering,bradycardia,hypotension,nausea and vomiting was recorded during the period from the end of dexmedetomidine infusion to PACU discharge time.Results Compared with group C,the incidence and degree of shivering and incidence of nausea and vomiting were significantly decreased in D2 and D3 groups,and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group D1.Compared with group D2,the incidence and degree of shivering and incidence of nausea and vomiting were significantly decreased in D3 group.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine 0.3 and 0.5 μg/kg can prevent shivering after combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in the patients undergoing caesarean section,and 0.5 μg/kg provides better efficacy.

Objective To preliminarily understand the genotype characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii in blood of HIV?posi?tive persons in Lincang City,Yunnan Province. Method Two segments of SAG2 gene of T. gondii from blood samples of HIV?positive persons in Lincang City were extracted and amplified by using the nested PCR method and the genotype was identified and compared with the standard strain(Type I)of Toxoplasma gondii. Results Thirty?five SAG2 genes(241 bp)and 35 SAG2 genes(221 bp)of T. gondii were amplified from 170 blood samples of the HIV?positive people,and 4 of each case were selected and digested with enzyme,then 2 aim gene fragments of each case were chosen and compared with the standard strain (Type I)of T. gondii. The digestion of SAG2 gene(241 bp)showed the genotype of the blood samples was Type I or Type II, and the digestion of SAG2 gene(221 bp)confirmed that the genotype was Type I. Conclusion It is preliminarily confirmed that the genotype of T. gondii in blood of HIV?positive persons in Lincang City,Yunnan Province is Type I.

Objective To investigate the occurrence of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection(CRB-SI)in mass severe burn patients,evaluate related risk factors for infection,and effectiveness of prevention and con-trol measures.Methods In August 2014,9 cases of severe burn patients were rescued in a hospital,all patients re-ceived CVC,infection prevention and control intervention measures were performed during the whole process of catheterization.Results All patients received 30 episodes of CVC,total CVC-days were 227 days,bacterial culture for three-cavity catheters of femoral veins in 2 patients were positive,incidence of CRBSI was 8.81 ‰;1 patient was isolated Enterococcus faecium ,1 isolated both Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia .2 CRB-SI patients received femoral vein catheterization,catheterization site was trauma surface,duration of catheterization were both ≥7 days,both used three-cavity catheters,and third degree burns were ≥60%,both patients were cured after timely removal of catheters and receiving of antimicrobial agents.Conclusion CVC is helpful for long term, safe and effective fluid infusion,but it can cause CRBSI;infection prevention and control intervention for patients receiving CVC during the whole process of catheterization can reduce the occurrence of CRBSI.