ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil for awake nasotracheal intubation assisted by fiberoptic bronchoscope.MethodsForty ASA Ⅰ -Ⅲ aged 18-73 patients with difficult airways undergoing awake nasotracheal intubation assisted by fiberoptic bronchoscope were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n =20 each): dexmedetomidine group (group D) and remifentanil group (group R).A loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1.0 μg/kg was injected iv and then infused at a rate of 0.5 μg·kg-1 ·h-1 in group D.Remifentanil was target controlled-infused with target plasma concentration of 3.2 ng/ml in group R.Awake nasotracheal intubation was performed after dexmedetomidine loading dose was injected in group D and when the target plasma concentration of remifentanil was reached.Ramsay score was recorded during intubation,and intubation conditions (vocal cord movement,coughing,limb movement) and tolerance (during and after intubation) were evaluated.The intubation time,rate of successful intubation,side effects during intubation and 24 h after surgery,satisfactory score of patient with intubation and memory of intubation were recorded.ResultsRamsay score,the first attempt success rates of intubation and satisfactory score of patients with intubation were significantly higher,intubation conditions and tolerance were better,intubation time was shorter,incidence of side effects and memory score of intubation were lower in group D than in group R ( P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionDexmedetomidine provides better intubation conditions,less side effects and awareness of intubation than remifentanil for awake nasctracheal intubation assisted by fiberoptic bronchoscope.

Objective To compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and pethidine for prevention of postoperative shivering in patients requiring general anesthesia.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 18-75 yr,weighing 40-85 kg,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =30 each) ∶ pethidine group (group P) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).At the end of pneumoperitoneum,pethidine 0.5 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg were infused intravenously over 10 min in groups P and D,respectively.The shivering,respiratory depression,somnolence,nausea and vomiting,bradycardia and hypotension were recorded within 1 h after operation.Results There were no significant differences in the incidence and degree of shivering between group D and group P (P ＞ 0.05).The incidences of respiratory depression and nausea and vomiting were significantly lower,and the incidence of bradycardia was significantly higher in group D than in group P(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The efficacy of dexmedetomidine for prevention of postoperative shivering is better than pethidine in patients requiring general anesthesia.

Objective To study the application of dexmedetomidine in patients with combined spinal epidural anesthesia and its effects on hemodynamics and renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS).Methods96 patients with open surgery under combined spinal epidural anesthesia from Oct.2013 to Oct.2016 in our hospital were selected.Divided into two groups by randomly, the dexmedetomidine group(46 cases) was given dexmedetomidine before anesthesia, the control group(46 cases) was given sodium chloride solution.The operation condition, and the changed of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (ANG-II) and aldosterone (ALD) at before anesthesia (T1), post anesthesia 10min (T2), end of the operation (T3) and end of the operation 30 min (T4) were compared.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the operation time, blood loss, intraoperative transfusion, and wake up time between the two groups;there was no significant difference in MAP and heart rate between the two groups at T1, at T2, T3, T4 point, control group MAP, heart rate were significantly changed(P<0.05), and there was no significant change in dexmedetomidine group, at T2,T3,T4 point, the levels of MAP, heart rate in the dexmedetomidine group were lower than the control group(P<0.05);there was no significant difference between the two groups in PRA, ANG-Ⅱ and ALD at T1, at T2 and T3 point, the PRA, ANG-Ⅱ and ALD in the two groups were increased, at T4 point down, there were significant differences compared with the same group at T1(P<0.05);but at T2,T3,T4, the levels of PRA,ANG-Ⅱ,ALD were lower than the control group(P<0.05).ConclusionIn the combined spinal epidural anesthesia with dexmedetomidine before anesthesia, which can Maintain hemodynamic stability, And inhibit the activation of RAAS.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on brain injury in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Eighty patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, with body surface area of 1.6-2.0 m2, with left ventricular ejection fraction＞30％, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ (New York Heart Association Ⅱ or Ⅲ), scheduled for elective cardiac surgery with CPB, were equally and randomly divided into control group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D) using a random number table.Before induction of anesthesia, dexmedetomidine was given as a bolus of 1 μg/kg over 10 min followed by an infusion of 0.5 μg · kg-1 · h-1 throughout the surgery in group D, and the equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.After induction and before skin incision (T0) , at 30 min after beginning of CBP (T1) , at 30 min after the end of CBP (T2) , at the end of surgery (T3) , and at 24 and 72 h after surgery (T4.5) , blood samples from jugular bulb were drawn for determination of serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, S-100β protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE).Results Compared with group C, the serum concentrations of TNF-α and S100β at T1-3 and IL-6 and NSE at T1.4 were significantly decreased, and the serum concentrations of IL-10 at T1-4 were increased in group D (P＜0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine given as a bolus of 1 μg/kg over 10 min followed by an infusion of 0.5 μg · kg-1 · h-1 throughout the surgery can reduce the brain injury in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, and the mechanism is related to inhibited inflammatory responses.

Objective To investigate the effects of autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion on the perioperative coagulation function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB ) . Methods Eighty-four ASA physical status Ⅱ-Ⅳ patients ,without impairment of coagulation function ,scheduled for cardiac surgery with CPB ,were equally and randomly divided into 2 groups using a random number table :autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion group (group ABWR , n= 44 ) and control group (group C , n= 40 ) . Decreased coagulation function was diagnosed based on the following two criteria :laboratory standard of decreased coagulation function and clinical signs .After anesthesia and before the beginning of operation (T1 ) ,at 5 min after heparin was reversed with protamine (T2 ) ,at the end of operation (T3 ) and at 24 h after the end of operation (T4 ) ,venous blood samples were obtained to measure the blood routine and parameters of coagulation function . Blood routine included the red blood cell (RBC ) , hemoglobin (Hb ) , hematocrit (Hct ) , platelet count , and plasma fibrinogen concentration (Fib) .The parameters of coagulation function included thrombelastography (TEG) variables and prothrombin time (PT ) ,activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT ) ,international normalized ratio (INR ) , and activated clotting time (ACT ) . The volume of intraoperative blood loss , amount of mediastinal drainage at 6 and 24 h after operation , consumption of tranexamic acid and heparin during operation , and consumption of fibrinogen after operation ,and requirement for transfusion of allogeneic RBCs ,fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelet during operation and within 24 h after operation were recorded .The development of decreased coagulation function during operation and within 24 h after operation .Results Compared with group C , perioperative consumption of allogeneic RBCs were decreased ,reaction time (R) measured by celite-activated TEG was increased at T3 (P<0.05) ,and no significant change was found in the blood routine index ,incidence of decreased coagulation function ,volume of intraoperative blood loss ,amount of mediastinal drainage ,consumption of tranexamic acid and heparin , and postoperative consumption of fibrinogen in group ABWR ( P> 0.05 ) . Conclusion Autologous blood withdrawal-reinfusion provides similar effects on coagulation function with allogeneic blood transfusion ,and does not increase the development of decreased coagulation function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB .

Objective To compare the efficacy of perioperative volume therapy guided by throm?boelastography(TEG)versus massive transfusion protocol(MTP)in patients undergoing spinal surgery. Methods Seventy?two American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 14-64 yr, weighing 42-89 kg, undergoing elective scoliosis correction surgery or lumbar spinal stenosis de?compression, were divided into TEG group(group T, n=36)and MTP group(group M, n=36)using a random number table. Fresh frozen plasma(FFP), platelet(PLT)and fibrinogen(FIB)were trans?fused or protamine and tranexamic acid were given according to the results of TEG in group T. In group M, FFP and PLT were transfused after allogeneic RBCs or autologous blood were transfused according to the ra?tio allogeneic red blood cells(RBCs)1 U(or autologous blood 200 ml): FFP 100 ml: PLT 1 U;when ACT>110% of baseline, protamine was given;tranexamic acid was given according to the experience of an?esthesiologists. Venous blood samples were collected before induction of anesthesia(T0), at the end of surgery(T1)and at 24 h after operation(T2)for measurement of hemoglobin and blood coagulation. Blood loss, volume of fluid infused, transfusion of allogeneic blood(RBC, FFP and PLT), FIB, and consumption of protamine and tranexamic acid during the perioperative period, intraoperative volume of au?tologous blood transfused and time for initial infusion of FFP and PLT were recorded. The development of re?operation due to massive bleeding within 24 h after operation and death was recorded. The allogeneic blood transfusion cost, TEG detection cost, comprehensive cost(sum of allogeneic blood transfusion cost and TEG detection cost)and length of hospital stay were also recorded. Results Compared with group M, PLT count and FIB concentration were significantly decreased at T1, the perioperative consumption of FFP and PLT was reduced during the perioperative period, the time for initial infusion of FFP and PLT was pro?longed, the allogeneic blood transfusion cost was decreased, the comprehensive cost was increased(P<0.05), and no significant change was found in blood loss, volume of fluid infused, transfusion of autolo?gous blood, transfusion of RBC and FFP in allogeneic blood and consumption of protamine and tranexamic acid during the perioperative period, incidence of re?operation, mortality rate or length of hospital stay in group T(P>0.05). Conclusion TEG produces better efficacy in guiding perioperative volume therapy than MTP in the patients undergoing spinal surgery.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of POCD and the inflammatory response of central nervous system in elderly patients with radical gastrectomy,so as to provide reference for the selection of POCD prophylaxis in elderly patients.Methods A total of 86 elderly patients aged 36-79 years with ASA grade Ⅰ-Ⅲ underwent radical gastrectomy with general anesthesia were enrolled.They were randomly divided into two groups using computer random software:dexmedetomidine group (D group) and saline group (S group),43 patients in each group.MMSE score and MoCA score were recorded 1 day before anesthesia (T0),6h after operation (T1),24h after operation (T2) and 48h after operation (T3).Interleukin-1β (IL-1β),interleukin -6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at different time points.The incidence of hypotension and bradycardia was recorded.Results There were no significant differences in MMSE scores and MoCA scores between the two groups 1 day before anesthesia (t =0.356,0.403,all P ＞0.05).The MMSE score and MoCA score of the D group were significantly higher than those of the S group at T1,T2 and T3 (t =5.998,6.886,5.943,6.180,6.947,7.151,all P ＜0.05).The levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and CRP in the D group were significantly lower than those in the S group at T1,T2 and T3 (t =2.239,2.731,2.134,15.47,17.28,12.93,4.583,6.444,7.544,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can significantly reduce the risk of POCD in elderly patients with radical gastrectomy,and can inhibit the inflammatory response.It is worth to use in clinic.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of esketamine on postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia.Methods:Two hundred and twenty-four elderly patients, aged ≥ 65 yr, with American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅰ-Ⅲ, undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=112 each) using a random number table method: esketamine group (S group) and control group (C group). Esketamine 0.5 mg/kg was intravenously injected before anesthesia induction in S group, while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in C group.The Fuzzy Consciousness Assessment Scale (3D-CAM) was used to assess the occurrence of POD within 7 days after surgery.The consumption of propofol, remifentanil and sufentanil and use of vasoactive drugs were recorded during operation.The rescue analgesia within 48 h after operation and occurrence of postoperative complications were recorded. Results:Compared with C group, the incidence of POD was significantly decreased, the intraoperative consumption of remifentanil was reduced, and the utilization rate of vasoactive drugs, rate of rescue analgesia and incidence of postoperative vertigo, nausea and vomiting within 48 h after surgery were decreased in S group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Esketamine can reduce the development of POD in elderly patients.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on inflammatory responses in patients performed cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at perioperative period,and explore the influencing factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in these patients.Methods Eighty patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with CPB at hospital from July 2013 to June 2014 were randomized into control group and DEX group (n=40).Before induction of anesthesia,DEX was administered to the patients from DEX group with a loading dose of 1 μg/kg followed by maintenance dose of 0.5 μg/ (kg·h),while the same dose of normal saline was administered to patients from control group.Before incision (T0),30 min after beginning of CBP (T1),30 min after end of CBP (T2),end of surgery (T3),24 h after end of surgery (T4) and 72 h after end of surgery (T5),venous blood samples from jugular bulb catheters were drawn,and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-αt),interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were determined.One d before operation,3nd,7th,90th and 180th day after operation,the cognitive functions of patients were tested with mini-mental state examination (MMSE),digit span subtest (DSpan),digit symbol subtest (DSy) and trail making test (TMT).The DSpan contained digit span forward subtest (DSpan-F) and digit span reverse subtest (DSpan-R).Results The serum concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-10 in two groups at T1,T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those at T0 (P＜0.05);the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in DEX group were significantly lower than those in control group (P＜0.05),while that of IL-10 in DEX group was significantly higher than that in control group (P＜0.05).In the control group,all results excepted for TMT on the 3nd d after operation,MMSE and DSpan-R results on the 7th d after operation,and DSpan-R results on the 90th d after operation were significantly lower than those results one d before operation (P＜0.05);in the DEX group,MMSE and DSpan-R results on the 3nd d after operation were significantly lower than those results one d before operation (P＜0.05);MMSE and DSpan-R results on the 3nd and 7th d after operation,and DSpan-R results on the 90th d after operation in the DEX group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05);TMT on the 3nd after operation in the DEX group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05).The incidence rate of POCD in the DEX group on the 3nd and 7th d after operation (23.5％ and 14.7％) was significantly lower than that in the control group (46.9％ and 37.5％,P＜0.05).Conclusion DEX with a loading dose of 1 iμg/kg followed by maintenance dose of 0.5 μg/ (kg· h) can reduce the early incidence of POCD in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass,but can not reduce the late incidence.