Objective To explore the effects of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)on chronic cerebral ischemia in rats,and its possible mechanism.Methods Chronic cerebral ischemia (2-VO) model was prepared and bilateral external jugular veins were isolated.A total of 30 rats were divided into 2 groups at random sham group (received no intervention,n=15) and operative group (received G-CSF or PBS through external jugular vein injection,n=15).At 6 weeks after operation,the rats in operative group were divided into G--CSF group (received G-CSF 10 mg/L,1 ml · kg-1 · d-1,1 times every 24 h for,3 times) and PBS control group (received PBS 10 mg/L,1 ml ·kg 1 · d-11,1 times every 24 h for 3 times).At 8 weeks after the operation,morris water maze was carried out to evaluate the learning and memory ability of the rats.The cell proliferation,threedimensional vascular distribution,ischemic neuronal apoptosis,cell morphological changes in ischemic area and the plasma VEGF levels were detected to explore the possible mechanisms.Results In morris water maze,escape latency at the 2rd to 5th day were significantly lower in G-CSF group than the PBS group (all P＜0.05).The swimming time spent in the first quadrant in G-CSF group was significantly longer than the PBS group (P＜0.05).There was a significant difference in the number of BrdU positive cells in the ischemical area between the G-CSF group and the control group [(27.7±4.76) vs.(10.4 ± 3.7),P =0.030).Three-dimensional quantitative measurements of vascular structure showed that the capillary diameters was smaller in the G-CSF group than in the PBS group [(2.90±0.20) μm vs.(3.45±0.26) μm,P=0.020] and the number of branch points in the boundary regions of ischemia had a significant difference in the G-CSF group compared with the control group [(207.82±10.73) /0.002 mm3 vs.(162.10±9.31) /0.002mm3,P=0.005].Threedimensional cerebral vessel surface area in the ipsilateral hemisphere was increased in the G-CSF group compared with the PBS group [(86498±2896) μm2/0.002 mm3vs.(73976±3826) μm2/0.002 mm3,P=0.003].The number of apoptotic cells in G-CSF group was decreased compared with the PBS group [(32.10±6.70) vs.(56.30±11.20),F=11.89,P=0.043].The electron microscope morphological observations showed inflammatory edema in intercellular gap was significantly reduced in the G-CSF group compared with the PBS group.The level of plasma VEGF was significantly increased in the G-CSF group compared with the PBS group [(58.81±6.61) ng/L vs.(20.81±4.35)ng/L,P=0.025].Conclusions G--CSF can improve the learning and memory ability in the chronic cerebral ischemic rats,and its possible mechanism might involve the nerve protection and the vascular regeneration associated with the VEGF.There is a great prospect for G-CSF in the therapy of chronic cerebral ischemic disease.

Objective The purpose of this article is to analyze the domestic situation of co-authorship in the field of international classification of diseases using Social Network Analysis.Methods Using UCINET to do this research from the following five perspectives,namely density,degree centrality,betweenness centrality,closeness and subgroup analysis.Results The density of co-authoring network is 0.0021.The number of nodes which made up the main component accounts for 3.46％ of the total nodes.Lin Jie-zhong possesses the highest value of degree centrality,and Guo Yun-qing's value of betweenness centrality and closeness is the highest.Forty-four 2-plexes are found in all authors.Conclusions Currently,the co-authorship is not close,but to a certain extent,the authors liked Lin Jie-zhong,Liang Yao,Li Jian-wei,Fan Wei,Guo Yun-qing,Liu Ai-min and so on constitute the core members or leaders.From the overall point of view,the authors in this field have not yet formed a subgroup phenomenon obviously.The structure of this co-authoring network is loose and isolated.

Objective To investigate the effect of autologous bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation on neurological outcomes in cerebral ischernia in rats and its poss le mechanisms.Methods Autologous bone marrow-derived EPC was cultured in vitro and it was labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU).A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was induced by the intraluminal suture method.The rats in a EPC group transplanted autologous EPC (106/ml/kg) via external jugular veins,those in a control group were injected with phosphate buffered saline (1 ml/kg),and those in a sham operation group (n =15)were not treated.The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to observe the neurological changes of the rats.BrdU immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate EPC proliferation and differentiation.Three-dimensional confocal image analysis was used to detect the vascular structure and density in cerebral ischemic areas.TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptotio cells in ischernic brain tissue.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the concentration of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF).Results The mNSS in the EPC group was siginficantly lower than that in the control group (at day 8:6.43 ±0.69 vs.8.86 ±0.95,q =2.673,P=0.035; at day 14:4.55 ±0.89 vs.6.73 ± 1.06,q =5.360,P =0.035).The number of BrdU positive cells in the EPC group was significantly higher than that in the control group (42.2±5.76 vs.25.67±5.49,q=4.020,P=0.030).The capiilary diameter in the EPCgroup was significantly smaller than that in the control group (4.51 ± 0.21 μm vs.6.34 ± 0.24 μm,q =3.980,P =0.003); the density of blood vessels (212.64 ± 8.02/0.002 mm3 vs.153.60 ± 7.21/0.002 mm3; q =9.670,P =0.001 ) and the total surface area of microvessel (92 013 ± 5 132 μm2/0.002 mm3 vs. 71 366 ±4 538 μm2/0.002 mm3; q=4.180,P=0.014) were significantly higher or more than those in the control group.The number of apoptotic cells in the EPC group was significantly less than that in the control group (36.26 ± 6.91 vs.78.34 ± 7.21; t =-4.834,P =0.003).The plasma VEGF concentration in the EPC group was significantly higher than that in the control group (54.91 ± 5.71 pg/ml vs.13.81 ± 4.25 pg/ml,q =12.300,P=0.002).Conclusions Autologous EPC transplantation has a protective effect on ischemic brain tissue in rats.It may be associated with VEGF related angiogenesis and neuroprotection.It has an important application prospect in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Objective To study the effect of endothelial progenitor cells on the behavior of chronic cerebral ischemic rats. Methods Adult rats were treated using the protocol of chronic cerebral ischemic model. Then translated the endothelial progenitor cells in vein to them, and Morris water maze was carried out to test the learning and merrory ability of the rats. The cell proliferation, vascular distribution and the plasma VEGF levels were day of 2nd to 5th of experimental group ( EPC group ) were significantly shorter than the control group ( PBS group), which were(44.45 ±9.44)s,(38.32±1.51)s,(34.95 ±6.76)s,(24.46 ±5.47)s and (52.79±6.47 ) s, ( 43.15 ± 11.21 ) s, ( 50.29 ± 11.41 ) s, ( 53.75 ± 7.35 ) s, (P ＜ 0.01 ) respectively. The time of EPC group spend in the first quadrant were significantly longer than that of the PBS group, which were (26. 76 ±of the EPC group( 26.8 ± 5.76 ) was higher than that of the conrespondering areas in the control group( 12.17 ±ments of capillaries were (P＜0.05) shorter in the PBS groups( (3.4 ±0.24) μm) than in the EPC groups( (2.8± 0.2 )μm) significantly, EPC group could significantly (P ＜ 0.05 ) increased the number of branch points in the boundary regions of ischemia compared with the number in the PBS group (respectively (210. 1 ± 13.80 ) and (164.2 ± 12.3 )). Three-dimensional cerebral vessel surface area in the ipsilateral hemisphere significantly increased in the EPC group compared with the PBS group (respectively (84365 ± 3897 )μm2/0. 002mm3 and group in the plasma VEGF levels ( ( 63.91 ± 6.71 ) pg/ml; ( 21. 81 ± 4.25 ) pg/ml, respectively (P ＜ 0.05, P ＜0.01 ). Conclusion There are positive behavioral effects of endotbelial progenitor cells in chronic cerebral ischemic rats. The possible mechanisns mavbe involve the nerve protection and regeneration of the vascular associated with the VEGF. The endothelial progenitor cells maybe have a great prospect in the therapy of chronic cerebral ischemic disease.

The purpose of this article was to explore the hotspots in the field of international classification of diseases in China.The methods adopted were Factor Analysis,Cluster Analysis,Multidimensional Scaling Analysis and Social Network Analysis by building the high-frequency keywords co-occurrence matrix in this field.The themes are clustered into ten classes based on the results of Factor Analysis with ten common factors extracted.The results of Social Network Analysis showed that the research of medical payment methods using medical records information is the core theme in this field,which will continue in the future.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the CT imaging features of anatomic structure related to endoscopic axilla approach for surgery of the frontal recess and frontal sinus. METHOD: Thirty patients without a history of frontal sinus disease were undergone 16 line high speed spiral computed tomography. The computed tomographic images were analyzed to measure the related structures. RESULT: The vertical distance from the front attachment point of the middle turbinate to the skull base was 13.88 +/- 2.59 mm. The horizontal distance from the top point of the axilla of the middle turbinate to the anterior wall of the frontal sinus outflow tract was 5.77 +/- 12.32 mm, to the anterior wall of the nasal cavity was 13.67 +/- 12.54 mm, to the lamina papyracea or lacrimal sac was 5.89 +/- 1.69 mm. CONCLUSION Sixteen line high speed spiral computed tomography is helpful to endoscopic axilla approach for surgery of the frontal recess and frontal sinus.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Female ; Frontal Sinus ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; Turbinates ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Young Adult