Cell secreted sulfatase 2 is an endogenous sulphate esterase, which can hydrolyze the sulphate groups in extracellular matrix or on the chain of heparan sulphate on the outer surface of cell membrane, which can dissociate the growth factor bound to heparan sulphate proteoglycan, improve the local concentration of growth factor and activate the downstream signal. Sulfatase 2 is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, and the increased expression of sulfatase 2 in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Sulfatase 2 can promote tumor progression by activating multiple signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Inhibit the activity of hepatocellular carcinoma cell sulfatase 2, and then inhibit the proliferation, migration and tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In this paper, the research progress of sulfatase 2 and its role in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma is summarized.

Interactions between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the tumor stromal microenvironment have profound effects on tumor growth,epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT),invasion and metastasis.Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major subtype of stromal cells in the liver tumor microenvironment.HCC cells can induce the activation of HSCs during carcinogenesis,while activated HSCs promote HCC cells growth and migration through secreting growth factors,inducing angiogenesis and immune suppression.Bidirectional interactions between HCC cells and HSCs may function as an ＂amplification loop＂ to further enhance metastatic growth in the liver.In this review,we summarized the most recent data from the research on HSCs and its relationship with HCC.

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality rates,and although surgical resection is a possible method for cure,the prognosis of HCC is still affected by its high recurrence rate.Early recurrence(within 2 years after surgery)is defined as true recurrence and is usually caused by the intrahepatic spread of primary tumor.Early recurrence of HCC tends to have a poorer prognosis than late recurrence.Therefore,it is of great importance to fully understand the high-risk factors and prediction methods for early recurrence,which is essential to the selection of preoperative treatment regimens,postoperative follow-up,and prognosis.This article reviews the high-risk factors and prediction methods for early recurrence of HCC after surgery.

Objective:To analyze the clinical features and prognosis of liver perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComa).Methods:The clinical data of 12 patients with liver PEComa diagnosed by pathology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University from October 2011 to November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 1 male and 11 females, with a median age of 44 (range 20 to 63) years old. The clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, imaging features, treatment methods, postoperative pathological features and treatment outcomes of these patients were collected and analysed. Postoperative follow-up by telephone or patient's follow-up records.Results:Among the 12 patients with hepatic PEComa, 8 patients (66.7%) were asymptomatic and 11 patients (91.7%) had a single lesion. All patients underwent surgical treatment, including local tumor resection in 10 patients (83.3%) and extended hemihepatectomy in 2 patients (16.7%). Enhanced CT showed the lesion to be a quasi-round homogeneous low-density mass, enhanced in arterial phase with hepatic artery branches in the lesion, and decrease in enhancement degrees in portal vein phase and delayed phase. Postoperative pathology of the lesions in all the 12 patients was benign. Immunohistochemical results showed that the positive rates of melanoma cell markers HMB45, Melan-A and smooth muscle actin were 100.0%(12/12), 83.3%(10/12) and 91.7%(11/12) respectively. The median follow-up period was 27 months, and no recurrence or metastasis was found.Conclusion:Hepatic PEComa occurred commonly in women with obscure symptoms. The lesion was mainly single and it had no correlation with hepatitis. It is easily confused with primary liver cancer and liver metastasis on medical imagings. PEComa expressed markers of both melanocyte and smooth muscle cell, and radical surgical resection resulted in good results.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying novel strategies to prevent particulate matter (PM)-induced lung injury is crucial for the reduction of the morbidity of chronic respiratory diseases. The combined intervention represented by herbal formulae for simultaneously targeting multiple pathological processes can provide a more beneficial effect than the single intervention. The aim of this paper is therefore to design a safe and effective medicinal and edible Chinese herbs (MECHs) formula against PM-induced lung injury. METHODS: PM-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis A549 cell model were used to screen anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic MECHs, respectively. A network pharmacology method was utilized to rationally design a novel herbal formula. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer was utilized to assess the quality control of MECHs formula. The excretion of magnetic iron oxide nanospheres of the MECHs formula was estimated in zebrafish. The MECH formula against PM-induced lung injury was investigated with mice experiments. RESULTS: Five selected herbs were rationally designed to form a new MECH formula, including Citri Exocarpium Rubrum (Juhong), Lablab Semen Album (Baibiandou), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu), Mori Folium (Sangye) and Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma (Yuzhu). The formula effectively promoted the magnetic iron oxide nanospheres excretion in zebrafish. The mid/high dose formula significantly prevented PM-induced lung damage in mice by enhancing the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, reducing the MDA and ROS level and attenuating the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α), down regulating the protein expression of NF-κB, STAT3 and Caspase-3. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the effective MECHs formula will become a novel strategy for preventing PM-induced lung injury and provide a paradigm for the development of functional foods using MECHs.