microRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous non-coding small RNAs,they play an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression through combining the target mRNA that the target protein would not synthesis.The present studies have found that miRNA is involved in many kinds of physiological processes,as well as the pathological processes.The abnormal expression of miRNA in many diseases can be used in diagnosis,prognosis and treatment monitoring.But all of these studies depend on an ideal detection method of miRNA.A lot of detection methods of miRNA expression developed from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis step by step and from single miRNA detection to high throughput screening in recent years.Various detection methods are improved constantly,the specificity and sensitivity has been improved at the same time,detection procedure become simple and practicable,detection time shorten considerably and cost also reduced ceaselessly,which make the application of miRNA in clinical possible.This review highlights the latest research progress of the common detection methods of miRNA.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the drug resistance and distribution of nosocomial infection(NI) pathogens.METHODS A total of 1 163 strains of NI pathogens during Jan 2002-Dec 2005 were completely surveyed and analyzed.RESULTS From them Gram-positive cocci were 376 strains(32.3%),the main pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus(12.7%),the average isolation rate of MRSA was 82.5%.Gram-negative bacilli were 474 strains(40.8%),the predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli(9.9%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(7.1%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(5.4%),and Enterobacter cloacae(5.2%).The drug resistance of NI pathogens was markedly increased.Especially,the rates of drug resistance of P.aeruginosa to ceftazidime and imipenem were from 0 to 48.9% in 2005.CONCLUSIONS The Gram-negatives of NI pathogens are markedly increase year by year.The drug resistance rate of pathogens is higher,the clinically selected anti-bacterial drugs should be based on the bacterial culture and drug susceptibility test.

Exosomes are small (30 -100 nm) membrane vesicles secreted by various cell types , they mediate cell-to-cell communication by transferring mRNAs , miRNAs, and proteins.As a hotspot in the research of oncology , exosomes have potential values in the research of development , diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This paper briefly reviews the relationship between breast cancer microenvironment , drug resistance and exosomes and its progress in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment , in order to propose new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies .

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)are small,non-coding RNAs that regulate the translation of specific protein coding genes. Recent studies have revealed the role of miRNAs in a variety of basic biological and pathological processes.Previous studies have suggested miRNAs can be servered as a new tumor biomarker in the early diagnosis,treatment and assessment of prog-nosis of CRC,which also can be servered as the treatment target in vivo of CRC patients.This paper reviews the expression and targets of miRNAs,its mechanism of the development and prospect in clinical application in CRC.

Long non-coding RNAs are a novel class of non-protein coding RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotides in length.Recently, mounting evidence has been demonstrated that lncRNAs play crucial roles in epigenetic modification and gene expression regulation. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of lncRNAs in the carcinogenesis, clinical diagnosis, drug resistance and prognosis prediction of gastric cancer.

Objective To establish a method of SYBR Green Ⅰ FQ-PCR for detecting the expression of miR-202 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) and analyze the expression of miR-202 and its clinical significance in MM.Methods Reverse transcription was performed with specific stemloop primer for miR-202,and then FQ-PCR was used to detected the expression of miR-202 in 21 MM patients and 20 healthy people.Data was presented as mean ± standard deviation ( (x) ± s ).Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the difference between MM group and control group.In addition,1∶ 125 dilution of one test sample was detected by repeated 5 times,and the same sample was tested one time a day for 3 days,repeated 5 each time.The assessment of repeatability of measurements was done by calculating standard deviation and variation coefficient from threshold cycle (Ct).Results FQ-PCR detection of miR-202 in PBMC was amplified by the standard S-curve,with a single melting curve peak and no complex peak,which showed good specificity.The assay showed good reproducibility (intra-assay coefficient 1.2％ and inter-assay coefficient 3.2％ ) and high sensitivity ( 12.8 pmol/μ1).The expression of miR-202 in MM was 0.014 ( 0.007 - 0.221 ) and 1.844 ( 0.162 - 3.966 ) in normal controls.The expression level of miR-202 was significantly higher in MM than in normal controls (U =48.000,P ＜0.01 ).Conclusions FQ-PCR provide us a rapid,sensitive and specific method for detection of miR-202.The expression level of miR-202 is higher in MM than in normal controls.It is possible to play a role in MM progress and may be a useful marker to evaluate the development and treatment of MM.

Objective To investigate the action and mechanism of NF-κB pathway in up-regulating B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) expression in multiple myeloma cells induced by IFN-γ.Methods Activated NF-κB were detected with Western blot, while the expression of BAFF-R were measured with RT-PCR and ELISA, and investigated the effect of BAY11-7082 on transcription of BAFF-R mRNA and translation of protein in multiple myeloma cells stimulated by IFN-γ. Results IFN-γ can induce the degradation of IκB-α in time-dependent and dosage-dependent manner, and up-regulated BAFF-R expression in multiple myeloma cells. BAY11-7082, an NF-κB inhibitor, inhibited not only the transcription of BAFF-R mRNA but also the protein of regulated by IFN-γin dosage-dependent manner. Conclusion NFκB may play an important role in high expression of BAFF-R in multiple myeloma cells induced by IFN-γ.

[Objective]To compare and contrast the dosimetry between Tomo planning and BrainLab planning for lung metasta-ses in stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT).[Methods]Four Patients with one,two,three and four metastases were selected. The PTV is 2.89 ± 1.15 cm3. Two plannings with total dose of 50 Gy to cover 95% of PTV ,5 Gy/Fraction and 10 fractions were designed using Tomo planning system and BrainLab planning system respectively. The DVH curves of spinal cord ,both lungs and normal tissue were compared. The conformity index andhomogeneityindex were analyzed as well.[Results]The homogeneity index (HI)and conformity index(CI)of the targets in Tomo planning system were 1.0314 ± 0.0700 and 0.687 ± 0.075,respectively. In BrainLab planning system the HI and CI of the targets were 1.0764 ± 0.1241 and 0.571 ± 0.042,respectively. To HI the P value in T test was less than 0.01 and the HI was better in Tomo than BrainLab and so was CI. The dose to spinal cord was higher in BrainLab planning system than that in Tomo. The dose to nomal tissue and both lungs were not different in the two planning systems and V20 of lung is as small as 10%.[Conclusions]For small volume lung metastases which longest diameter were less than 4 cm,the tomotherapy should be better choice.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of circulating miR-125b-5p in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.Methods With case-control study,80 cases of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease were recruited in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from February 2014 to august 2015.According to coronary angiography result they were divided into two groups: there are coronary artery stenosis group(n=49)and control group(n=31).All patients were also divided into non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction group(n=35),unstable angina group group(n=25),stable angina group(n=20).The level of miR-125b-5p before coronary angiograph was detected.By independent sample t test and variance analysis,the levels of miR-125b-5p were compared between the groups of coronary artery stenosis and the group with no stenosis of the coronary artery,the coronary artery lesions in each group,and between the various types of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease respectively.Results MiR-125b-5p expression level of Coronary artery stenosis group(0.35±0.10)was lower than that in group coronary artery with no stenosis(0.95±0.12),the difference was statistically significant(t=24.179,P<0.000 1).With the increase in the number of diseased coronary arteries,miR-125b-5p expression level decreased gradually.There is also statistical significance(t=8.399,P<0.000 1; t=13.067,P<0.000 1)in miR-125b-5p expression among NSTEMI+STEMI,UA and SAP groups.miR-125b-5p expression level was negatively correlated with Gensini score(R2=0.822,P<0.05).The area under the ROC curve(AUC)of miR-125b-5p was 0.86(95％CI 0.67-0.90),and 0.66 was the optimal cut-off value with sensitivity of 81.22％and specificity of 78.62％.Conclusions With the increase of the number of stenosis,plasma miR-125b-5p expression level decreased gradually.The expression level of miR-125b-5p was negatively correlated with the Gensini score of coronary artery,which indicated that the expression level of miR-125b-5p may be a potential biomarker that can reflect the lesion degree of coronary artery.

Objective: To analyze the auxiliary diagnostic value of prostate cancer-associated non-coding RNA transcript1(PCAT-1) in serum of colorectal cancer(CRC) patients. Methods: The serum samples were collected from 73 patients with CRC who underwent surgical treatment and were diagnosed by pathology, 54 patients with colorectal polyps and 62 healthy controls at the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from October 2015 to January 2017. The serum level of PCAT-1 in CRC patients, colorectal polyps and healthy controls were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The relationship between the level of PCAT-1 and the clinical pathologic feature was analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) was used to evaluate the diagnosis value of PCAT-1, carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) alone and the combination of one of them in CRC. Results: The relative expression of PCAT-1 was 2.190 0(0.852 5, 6.715 0), 0.586 5(0.331 8, 1.697 0), 0.530 0(0.127 5, 0.957 5) respectively in CRC patients, colorectal polyps and healthy controls. The expression level of serum PCAT-1 in CRC patients was not related to the age (U=593, P=0.753 3), sex (U=536, P=0.390 8), tumor size (U=549, P=0.557 2) and location (U=584, P=0.426 7), but there was related to the degree of tumor differentiation (U=30, P=0.038 4) and tumor staging (U=399, P=0.005 0). ROC curve was used to analyze the expression of serum PCAT-1, CEA and CA199 for the diagnostic efficiency of CRC. The area under the curve(AUC) of ROC were 0.836, 0.756, 0.493 respectively in comparing CRC patients with healthy controls. The sensitivity of three joint tests was 93.2%(68/73), which was higher than that of single index. The area under the curve of ROC were 0.739, 0.673, and 0.515 respectively in comparing CRC patients with colorectal polyps. The sensitivity of three joint tests was 95.9%(70/73), which was higher than that of single index. Conclusions PCAT-1 maybe has auxiliary diagnosis of CRC. The combination of PCAT-1, CEA and CA199 remarkably improved the diagnostic efficacy of CRC.(Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 514-518)