The author designed and practiced group PK teaching model in Pharmaceutical Botany combined with the ideas of educational skill training program in Peking university aiming at promoting students' learning initiative and enthusiasm as well as collective and teamwork sense.The paper discussed the concept of group PK teaching,requirements for teaching design and problems which should be noted in practice from the aspects of introduction,design and practice of the method as well as teaching effect evaluation and teaching method reflection.Survey questionnaire was used to evaluate the preliminary teaching effect of the new teaching method and to explore its teaching thought and educational idea.In practice,group PK teaching model improved students' self-learning awareness and ability,communication skills,collective and teamwork sense.

This study was aimed to offer a scientific basis for the differentiation and control quality of Castanea mol-lissima Blume shell. The determination was given from the morphological identification, microscopical identification and TLC identification. The results showed that through obtained information such as morphological traits, tissue powder and TLC characteristics, the longitudinal section micrographs of C. mollissima Blume shell and the micro-scopic images of tissue powder had been received. It was concluded that the study provided a reliable reference for the identification of the quality control standards of C. mollissima Blume shell.

The blood concentrations of the pharmacodynamic substances of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are usually very low. How can they exert pharmacological actions, in which forms (original form, metabolite or the both) do they exert the actions. To answer these questions, we proposed a new concept ofEffective Formsof pharmacodynamic substances of TCMs and a hypothesis of additive effect of multiple constituents of TCMs. The hypothesis includes that the aggregate or summation of Effective Forms of pharmacodynamic substances of TCMs is the core material base of the effi-cacy of TCMs, and the additive effect of the blood concentrations of different Effective Forms is one part of the action mechanism. The additive effect of the different Effective Forms of a TCMs means an additive effect of numerous con-stituents or/and metabolites on a same target, and therefore the efficacy brought by the addition of the concentrations of all these compounds, which different from the synergy effect of multi-constituents on multi-targets. Studies on the disposition of TCMs showed that a constituent can be biotransformed to many metabolites (up to more than 50 metabolites);different constituents can produce the same metabolites;many metabolites (up to 10 compounds for each metabolite) are isomers or homologues; some constituents can be converted to each other in vivo; and some metabolites are bioactive. These com-pounds having the similar structure are likely to have the same pharmacological effects on the same target, which could provide experimental evidences for the concept ofEffective Formsand the hypothesis ofAdditive Effect. We suggest that the Effective Forms and Additive Effects of the pharmacodynamic substances of TCMs should be extensively investi-gated in the future, and the results of such researches will help us further understand the pharmacodynamic substances and action mechanism of TCMs, and give a new explanation 'Toxicities Scattering Effect' for 'Why the toxicities of TCMs are low', and propose a new strategy for quality control of TCMs.

To study the chemical constituents of Asarum himalaicum, fifteen compounds were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract by using a combination of various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography over silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative HPLC. By spectroscopic techniques including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-ESI-MS, these compounds were identified as 4-demethoxyaristolochic acid BII (1), aristolochic acid I (2), aristolochic acid Ia (3), 7-hydroxyaristolochic acid I (4), aristolochic acid IV (5), aristolic acid II (6), debilic acid (7), aristololactam I (8), 9-hydroxyaristololactam I (9), 7-methoxyaristololactam IV (10), (2S)-narigenin-5, 7-di-O-beta-D-pyranosylglucoside (11), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (12), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (14), and beta-sitosterol (15). All of these compounds (1-15) were obtained from A. himalaicum for the first time. Among them, 1 was identified as a new compound, and compounds 3-6, 9, 12-14 were isolated from Asarum genus for the first time. Since the kidney toxicity of aristolochic acids and aristololactams has been reported, the result of this investigation suggests that it should be cautioned to use A. himalaicum as a medicine.

0.05).AA-I could induce the TGF-?1 secretion by HK-2 cells(18.26?5.98 ?g/L,vs.control,P

Objective: To investigate the cellular mechanism of renal proximal tubular epithelial cell(PTEC) injury induced by aristolochic acid Ⅰ (AA Ⅰ) and aristololactam Ⅰ (AL Ⅰ). Methods:Human PTEC cell line HK 2 was used as the subject. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by using FACS. Fibronectin (FN) and TGF ?1 levels were assayed in the supernatant from cultured HK 2 cells by ELISA. In the blocking study, anti TGF ?1 neutralizing antibody was used as an antagonist. The changes of FN level and apoptosis were compared. Results: After stimulation by 2.5 mg/L AA Ⅰ, HK 2 cells secreted TGF ?1 at hour 12 and FN at hour 36. HK 2 cell apoptosis was detected at hour 48. Anti TGF ?1 neutralizing antibody (5 mg/L) could suppress AA Ⅰ induced apoptosis by 63.7% ( P

Object To study the antitumor effects of extracts from the fruits, roots and rhizomes of Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall.) Ying, the roots and rhizomes of Dysosma furfuracea S.Y. Bao and the podophyllotoxin, deoxypodophyllotoxin of Guijiu plants in mice. Methods Tumor borne mice with transplanted HepA and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) were used to observe the antitumor and the liver protective effects of the above five samples, which were given orally. Results Extracts of roots and rhizomes of S. emodi, and D. furfuracea showed the significant antitumor effects. Conclusion All the five samples have antitumor activity.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the contents determination of 9 components in Guizhi decoction,and com-pare the effects of traditional decoction method and the extracting machine decoction method on these contents in Guizhi decoction. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 with mobile phaseof acetonitrile- 0.1% phosphoric ac-id(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,the detection wavelength was 230 nm,254 nm and 280 nm,the column tempera-ture was 25℃,and the injection volume was 10μl. RESULTS:The linear range was 0.410 2-210.0μg/ml for gallic acid(r=0.999 9), 0.994 0-254.5μg/ml for albiflorin(r=0.999 9),1.636 0-1 675.0μg/ml for paeoniflorin(r=0.999 9),0.988 3-506.0μg/ml for liquiri-tin(r=0.999 6),0.987 3-31.59 μg/ml for coumarin(r=0.999 5),0.486 8-124.6 μg/ml for cinnamic acid(r=0.999 5),2.458 0-314.6μg/ml for cinnamaldehyde(r=0.999 5),0.034 3-1.096 μg/ml for 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde(r=0.999 8),and 1.711 0-219.0 μg/ml for glycyrrdhizic acid (r=0.999 7);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 5%,recoveries were 93.56%-103.19%(RSD=4.00%,n=9)、101.51%-107.32%(RSD=2.21%,n=9)、95.08%-103.76%(RSD=2.87%,n=9)、100.82%-105.73%(RSD=1.85%,n=9)、85.08%-89.12%(RSD=1.40%,n=9)、92.31%-99.12%(RSD=2.71%,n=9)、99.17%-102.32%(RSD=1.24%,n=9)、100.15%-103.98%(RSD=1.18%,n=9)、99.93%-102.61%(RSD=1.03%,n=9). The content of total effective components from the extracting machine decoction method was 4 565μg/g,that from the traditional decoc-tion method was 2 742 μg/g.CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,stable and reproducible,and can be used for the simultaneous determination of 9 componentsin Guizhi decoction. The contents of gallic acid,albiflorin and 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde are first re-ported. The total effective components from the extracting machine decoction method are higher than that from the traditional decoc-tion method.