The therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine has been widely acknowledged due to its extensive history of clinical effectiveness. However, the precise active components underlying each prescription remain incompletely understood. Polysaccharides, as a major constituent of water decoctions-the most common preparation method for Chinese medicinals-may provide a crucial avenue for deepening our understanding of the efficacy principles of Chinese medicine and establishing a framework for its modern development. The structural complexity and diversity of Chinese herbal polysaccharides present significant challenges in their separation and analysis compared to small molecules. This paper aims to explore the potential of Chinese herbal polysaccharides efficiently by briefly summarizing recent advancements in polysaccharide chemical research, focusing on methods of acquisition, structure elucidation, and quality control.
Polysaccharides/isolation & purification* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/standards* ; Quality Control ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Humans ; Molecular Structure

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to insufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) and to provide a reference for use in clinical practice. Methods: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area (the study group). Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group. Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without "OMS" in the maxillary posterior area (the control group), and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group. In the study group, 13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation, and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation. In the control group, 8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation. Restorations were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery. The patients were followed up 21 days, 3 months, and 8 months after implantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations. The sinus bone gain (SBG), apical bone height (ABL) and marginal bone loss (MBL) were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration. Results: The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was (1.556 ± 0.693) mm, which was significantly larger than that in the control group (1.229 ± 0.425) mm (P<0.001). There were no perforations in either group. Twenty-four months after restoration, there was no significant difference in the SBG, ABH or MBL between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS, the inflammation of the maxillary sinus decreased, and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree. The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.