To describe the incidence and mortality of adult head and neck cancer (HNC) in different regions worldwide and their temporal trends.

Objective·To investigate the biological roles and associated mechanisms of the hypoxia-induced long non-coding RNA 68(HILRNA68)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)cell lines.Methods·Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)microarray analysis was conducted to study the differential expression of lncRNAs in the HCC cell lines cultured under hypoxia treatment and normoxia treatment separately for 12 h,and DEseq2 R package was used for the analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to determine the differential lncRNAs.Short hairpin RNAs(shRNAs)were used to knock down hypoxia-inducible factors(HIFs)to investigate whether HILRNA68 transcription was regulated by HIFs under hypoxia.Nucleus-cytoplasmic isolation combined with qRT-PCR and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization(RNA-FISH)experiments were used to investigate the subcellular localization of HILRNA68.HILRNA68 was knocked down in SMMC-7721 and MHCC-97H cells by small interfering RNA(siRNA)to investigate its cellular function under hypoxia.The impact of HILRNA68 on the cell proliferation and invasion capabilities of HCC cells under hypoxia was examined by cell counting and Transwell assays.Dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to identify how HILRNA68 regulated the transcriptional activity of HIFs under hypoxia.Results·By differential expression analysis of lncRNAs,a total of 247 and 17 significantly(defined as fold change≥4,FDR≤0.05)up-and down-regulated IncRNAs,respectively,were identified.Among these differentially expressed genes,IncRNA HILRNA68 was up-regulated about 10-fold in multiple HCC cell lines when cultured under hypoxia for 12 h.Knockdown of HIF1α,HIF2α,and HIF1β significantly suppressed(all P＜0.05)the upregulation of HILRNA68 under hypoxia.Luciferase reporter assay suggested that the transcription of HILRNA68 was regulated by HIFs.Subcellular localization studies revealed that HILRNA68 was mainly localized in the nucleus.Biological function experiments showed that silencing of HILRNA68 significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells under hypoxia(all P＜0.05).Mechanistic studies demonstrated that knock-down of HILRNA68 significantly suppressed the transcriptional activity of HIF1α under hypoxia(P＜0.05)and the up-regulation of these canonical HIFs targets under hypoxia was also significantly inhibited after HILRNA68 knockdown(P＜0.05).Conclusion·The current study identifies a series of differential hypoxia-regulated lncRNAs and functionally annotates the upregulated HILRNA68.HILRNA68 is directly up-regulated by HIFs which promotes cell proliferation and invasion under hypoxia.Mechanistically,the upregulation of HILRNA68 under hypoxia enhances the transcriptional activity of HIF1α.

Objective:The National Central Cancer Registry estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths in China in 2022, using incidence and mortality data collected by the National Cancer Center.Methods:According to the data of 700 cancer registries in 2018 and the data of 106 cancer registries from 2010 to 2018, the age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the incidence rate and mortality rate of all cancers and 23 types of cancer in 2022, stratified by gender and urban and rural areas. We estimated the number of new cancer cases and deaths in China in 2022 based on the estimated rate and population data in 2022.Results:The estimated results showed that in 2022, there were approximately 4 824 700 new cancer cases in China (2 533 900 in males and 2 290 800 in females), with an age-standardized incidence rate of Chinese population (ASIR) of 208.58 per 100 000 (212.67 per 100 000 for males and 208.08 per 100 000 for females). Approximately 2 903 900 new cancer cases occurred in urban areas, with an ASIR of 212.95 per 100 000. It was estimated about 1 920 800 new cancer cases in rural areas, and the ASIR was 199.65 per 100 000. The top five cancers (lung cancer 1 060 600, colorectal cancer 517 100, thyroid cancer 466 100, liver cancer 367 700 and female breast cancer 357 200) accounted for 57.4% of all new cases. The estimated number of deaths from cancer in China in 2022 was 2 574 200 (1 629 300 in males and 944 900 in females), with an age-standardized mortality rate of Chinese population (ASMR) of 97.08 per 100 000 (127.70 per 100 000 in males and 68.67 per 100 000 in females). The number of deaths from cancer in urban and rural areas was about 1 400 600 and 1 173 400, with the ASMR of 92.37 and 103.97 per 100 000 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The top five leading cause of cancers death (lung cancer 733 300, liver cancer 316 500, gastric cancer 260 400, colorectal cancer 240 000 and esophageal cancer 187 500) accounted for 67.5% of all cancer deaths. Lung cancer ranked first in the incidence and mortality in men and women. The incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas, while the mortality rate was lower than that in rural areas.Conclusions:The burden of cancer in China is still relatively heavy, with significant differences in cancer patterns in gender, urban-rural, and regional. The burden of cancer presents a coexistence of developed and developing countries, and the situation of cancer prevention and control is still serious in China.

Background::Breast cancer is ranked among the most prevalent malignancies in the Chinese female population. However, comprehensive reports detailing the latest epidemiological data and attributable disease burden have not been extensively documented.Methods::In 2018, high-quality cancer surveillance data were recorded in 700 population-based cancer registries in China. We extracted data on female breast cancers (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [ICD-10]: C50) and estimated the incidence and mortality in 2022 according to the baseline data and corresponding trends from 2010 to 2018. Pathological types were classified according to the ICD for Oncology, 3rd Edition codes. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of the years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs).Results::In 2022, approximately 357,200 new female breast cancer cases and 75,000 deaths occurred in China, accounting for 15.59% and 7.94% of total new cancer cases and deaths, respectively. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 33.04 per 100,000. When analyzed by pathological type, the ASIRs for papillary neoplasms, invasive breast carcinoma, rare and salivary gland-type tumors, and other types were 1.13, 29.79, 0.24, and 1.88 per 100,000, respectively. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was 6.10 per 100,000. A total of 2,628,000 DALYs were found to be attributable to female breast cancer in China, comprising 2,278,300 YLLs and 349,700 YLDs. The ASIR, ASMR, and age-standardized rate (ASR) for DALYs in urban areas were consistently higher than those in rural areas. We observed a four-fold increase in the ASIR and ASR for DALYs and an eight-fold increase in the ASMR among females over 55 years compared with those aged under 55 years.Conclusion::These data provide invaluable insights into the latest epidemiology of female breast cancer in China and highlight the urgency for disease prevention and control strategy formulation.

Objective:The National Central Cancer Registry estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths in China in 2022, using incidence and mortality data collected by the National Cancer Center.Methods:According to the data of 700 cancer registries in 2018 and the data of 106 cancer registries from 2010 to 2018, the age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the incidence rate and mortality rate of all cancers and 23 types of cancer in 2022, stratified by gender and urban and rural areas. We estimated the number of new cancer cases and deaths in China in 2022 based on the estimated rate and population data in 2022.Results:The estimated results showed that in 2022, there were approximately 4 824 700 new cancer cases in China (2 533 900 in males and 2 290 800 in females), with an age-standardized incidence rate of Chinese population (ASIR) of 208.58 per 100 000 (212.67 per 100 000 for males and 208.08 per 100 000 for females). Approximately 2 903 900 new cancer cases occurred in urban areas, with an ASIR of 212.95 per 100 000. It was estimated about 1 920 800 new cancer cases in rural areas, and the ASIR was 199.65 per 100 000. The top five cancers (lung cancer 1 060 600, colorectal cancer 517 100, thyroid cancer 466 100, liver cancer 367 700 and female breast cancer 357 200) accounted for 57.4% of all new cases. The estimated number of deaths from cancer in China in 2022 was 2 574 200 (1 629 300 in males and 944 900 in females), with an age-standardized mortality rate of Chinese population (ASMR) of 97.08 per 100 000 (127.70 per 100 000 in males and 68.67 per 100 000 in females). The number of deaths from cancer in urban and rural areas was about 1 400 600 and 1 173 400, with the ASMR of 92.37 and 103.97 per 100 000 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The top five leading cause of cancers death (lung cancer 733 300, liver cancer 316 500, gastric cancer 260 400, colorectal cancer 240 000 and esophageal cancer 187 500) accounted for 67.5% of all cancer deaths. Lung cancer ranked first in the incidence and mortality in men and women. The incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas, while the mortality rate was lower than that in rural areas.Conclusions:The burden of cancer in China is still relatively heavy, with significant differences in cancer patterns in gender, urban-rural, and regional. The burden of cancer presents a coexistence of developed and developing countries, and the situation of cancer prevention and control is still serious in China.

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors characterized by variable biology and delayed diagnosis. However, the nationwide epidemiology of NENs has never been reported in China. We aimed to estimate the incidence and survival statistics of NENs in China, in comparison to those in the United States during the same period. METHODS: Based on the data from 246 population-based cancer registries covering 272.5 million people of China, we calculated age-specific incidence on NENs in 2017 and multiplied by corresponding national population to estimate the nationwide incidence in China. The data of 22 population-based cancer registries were used to estimate the trends of NENs incidence from 2000 to 2017 through the Joinpoint regression model. We used the cohort approach to analyze the 5-year age-standardized relative survival by sex, age group, and urban-rural area between 2008 and 2013, based on data from 176 high-quality cancer registries. We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 program to estimate the comparable incidence and survival of NENs in the United States. RESULTS: The overall age-standardized rate (ASR) of NENs incidence was lower in China (1.14 per 100,000) than in the United States (6.26 per 100,000). The most common primary sites were lungs, pancreas, stomach, and rectum in China. The ASRs of NENs incidence increased by 9.8% and 3.6% per year in China and the United States, respectively. The overall 5-year relative survival in China (36.2%) was lower than in the United States (63.9%). The 5-year relative survival was higher for female patients than male patients, and was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS The disparities in burden of NENs persist across sex, area, age group, and site in China and the United States. These findings may provide a scientific basis on prevention and control of NENs in the two countries.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; United States/epidemiology* ; Incidence ; Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology* ; Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Registries ; Urban Population ; China/epidemiology*

Objective:To estimate the incidence and mortality of corpus uteri cancer in China, 2015.Methods:Quality audit and evaluation of the data from 2015 cancer registration reported by 501 cancer registries were conducted, and 368 cancer registries were included in the analysis. The incidence rate and mortality rate of corpus uteri cancer were calculated according to the factors of the region (urban, rural, east, central, western), sex and age groups. The incidence and mortality of corpus uteri cancer with the 2015 population were estimated. Chinese standard population in 2000 and world Segi′s population were used for the calculation of age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence and mortality.Results:In 2015, 368 cancer registries included in the analysis covered a total of 309 553 499 populations in China, accounting for 22.52% of the national population. It is estimated that there were about 68 900 new cases of corpus uteri cancer in 2015, the incidence rate was 10.28/10 5, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) were 6.86/10 5 and 6.66/10 5, respectively. The incidence rate of urban area (11.35/10 5) was higher than that of rural area (8.90/10 5), and the incidence of eastern region (12.12/10 5) was higher than the central region (9.94/10 5) and the western region (8.25/10 5). It is estimated that in 2015, there were about 16 000 deaths of corpus uteri cancer, the mortality rate was 2.39/10 5, ASR China was 1.49/10 5, ASR world was 1.47/10 5. The mortality in urban areas (2.40/10 5) is close to rural areas (2.39/10 5); the mortality in central areas (2.55/10 5) was higher than the eastern areas (2.32/10 5) and the western areas (2.31/10 5). Conclusions:In China, the incidence of corpus uteri cancer is on the rise and has a trend of youth, the burden of disease is gradually increasing, which threatens the health of women. Targeted prevention and control measures should be carried out in the different regions.

Objective:To estimate the incidence and mortality of corpus uteri cancer in China, 2015.Methods:Quality audit and evaluation of the data from 2015 cancer registration reported by 501 cancer registries were conducted, and 368 cancer registries were included in the analysis. The incidence rate and mortality rate of corpus uteri cancer were calculated according to the factors of the region (urban, rural, east, central, western), sex and age groups. The incidence and mortality of corpus uteri cancer with the 2015 population were estimated. Chinese standard population in 2000 and world Segi′s population were used for the calculation of age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence and mortality.Results:In 2015, 368 cancer registries included in the analysis covered a total of 309 553 499 populations in China, accounting for 22.52% of the national population. It is estimated that there were about 68 900 new cases of corpus uteri cancer in 2015, the incidence rate was 10.28/10 5, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) were 6.86/10 5 and 6.66/10 5, respectively. The incidence rate of urban area (11.35/10 5) was higher than that of rural area (8.90/10 5), and the incidence of eastern region (12.12/10 5) was higher than the central region (9.94/10 5) and the western region (8.25/10 5). It is estimated that in 2015, there were about 16 000 deaths of corpus uteri cancer, the mortality rate was 2.39/10 5, ASR China was 1.49/10 5, ASR world was 1.47/10 5. The mortality in urban areas (2.40/10 5) is close to rural areas (2.39/10 5); the mortality in central areas (2.55/10 5) was higher than the eastern areas (2.32/10 5) and the western areas (2.31/10 5). Conclusions:In China, the incidence of corpus uteri cancer is on the rise and has a trend of youth, the burden of disease is gradually increasing, which threatens the health of women. Targeted prevention and control measures should be carried out in the different regions.

Objective:To estimate the incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in China in 2015.Methods:The data from 501 cancer registries in China collected by the National Cancer Center were reviewed and evaluated, and the qualified data were included in the final analysis. According to the national population data in 2015, the nationwide incidence and mortality of the prostate cancer were estimated. Chinese standard population in 2000 and world Segi′s population were used to calculate the age-standardized (ASR) incidence and mortality rates (ASR China and world, respectively).Results:After data review, the data reported by 368 registries were included in the final analysis, covering a total population of 309 553 499, accounting for 22.52% of the national population at the end of 2015. There were 72 thousand new prostate cancer cases estimated in China in 2015, with a crude incidence rate of 10.23/100 000. The ASR China and ASR world are 6.59/100 000 and 6.47/100 000, respectively, which is the sixth incidence of male malignant tumor.The estimated number of prostate cancer death was 3.07 thousand in China in 2015, with a crude mortality rate of 4.36/100 000; The ASR China and ASR world mortality rates were 2.61/100 000 and 2.65/100 000, respectively, which is the tenth leading cause of death in male malignant tumor.The ASR China incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in males were higher in urban areas (8.40/100 000 and 3.11/100 000) than those in rural areas (4.16/100 000 and 1.90/100 000). The incidence and mortality rates in the eastern areas (8.54/100 000 and 2.99/100 000) were higher than those in the central (5.28/100 000 and 2.34/100 000) and western areas (5.32/100 000 and 2.37/100 000) of China.Conclusions:The incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in China are lower than the global average, but there is an increasing trend. The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in China have obvious regional differences.

Objective:To estimate the incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in China in 2015.Methods:The data from 501 cancer registries in China collected by the National Cancer Center were reviewed and evaluated, and the qualified data were included in the final analysis. According to the national population data in 2015, the nationwide incidence and mortality of the prostate cancer were estimated. Chinese standard population in 2000 and world Segi′s population were used to calculate the age-standardized (ASR) incidence and mortality rates (ASR China and world, respectively).Results:After data review, the data reported by 368 registries were included in the final analysis, covering a total population of 309 553 499, accounting for 22.52% of the national population at the end of 2015. There were 72 thousand new prostate cancer cases estimated in China in 2015, with a crude incidence rate of 10.23/100 000. The ASR China and ASR world are 6.59/100 000 and 6.47/100 000, respectively, which is the sixth incidence of male malignant tumor.The estimated number of prostate cancer death was 3.07 thousand in China in 2015, with a crude mortality rate of 4.36/100 000; The ASR China and ASR world mortality rates were 2.61/100 000 and 2.65/100 000, respectively, which is the tenth leading cause of death in male malignant tumor.The ASR China incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in males were higher in urban areas (8.40/100 000 and 3.11/100 000) than those in rural areas (4.16/100 000 and 1.90/100 000). The incidence and mortality rates in the eastern areas (8.54/100 000 and 2.99/100 000) were higher than those in the central (5.28/100 000 and 2.34/100 000) and western areas (5.32/100 000 and 2.37/100 000) of China.Conclusions:The incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in China are lower than the global average, but there is an increasing trend. The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in China have obvious regional differences.