Objective To analyze the voluntary blood donors of Shaoguan city in recent 10 years HIV infection status and distri‐bution characteristics ,and to take effective prevention and control measures ,in order to reduce the risk of HIV infection through blood transfusion .Methods HIV screening test in the early by the reagent of two different manufacturers ,from 2005 to 2014 vol‐untary blood donors specimens of 265 771 doses of blood donation in Shaoguan ,and early screening positive specimens confirmed by Center for Disease Control of Shaoguan .Results The voluntary blood donors of Shaoguan in the 10 years that initial screening test anti‐HIV positive were 310 cases ,and 35 cases confirmed positive;The confirmed positive rate was 1 .317/10 000;The HIV infec‐tion rate in 2012 was highest (2 .867/10 000) and there were 9 cases ,which was significant difference (P<0 .05) .The district of the maximum rate was New Fengxian ,which was 5 .369/10 000 ,and different districts had significant difference (P<0 .05) .The epidemiology survey about HIV infections found that male were 30 cases(85 .71% ) ,which was significantly more than women;By age distribution ,most HIV infections were 18 to 35 years old young adults ,which accounted 26 cases(74 .29% ) .Married and un‐married people infected respectively accounted 28 .57% and 71 .43% .The occupations of HIV infections were scattered with farm‐ers ,staffers ,the service industry ,cadres in the majority .The HIV infection rate with low education was relative higher ,which had some relationship to educational level .The residents and the non‐residents infected respectively accouted 71 .43% and 28 .57% ;Blood donors for the first time of HIV infections were 24 cases (68 .57% ) .Blood donors for the second time of HIV infections were 11 cases (31 .43% );Other virus co‐infection respectively were 2 HBV infections ,1 HCV infection and 3 syphilis infections .The route of transmission was mainly through sexual transmission that was mainly heterosexual transmission ,which was 33 cases (94 .58% ) .Conclusion The voluntary blood donors of Shaoguan with HIV is on the rise ,and give priority to with male youths spread through heterosexual sex .It should be pay high attention to by the government ,society and blood stations ,and strengthen the propaganda work of AIDS prevention and control checks ,and minimize the risk of HIV transmission by blood transfusion in or‐der to guarantee the safety of clinical blood transfusion .

The effectiveness of rhIL-11 on thrombocytopenia induced by carboplatin in rhesus monkeys was investigated. Thrombocytopenia was induced in monkeys by i.v. administration of carboplatin at a dose of 15 mg/kg(-1)/d(-1) for three consecutive days. rhIL-11 (50 or 100 micro g/kg(-1)/d(-1)) or Neumega (100 micro g/kg(-1)/d(-1)) were administered s.c. for 14 days beginning one day following the final dose of carboplatin. The results showed that rhIL-11 significantly improved mean platelet nadirs and shortened the mean duration of platelet counts less than 50% of pre-treatment values. Administration of rhIL-11 also resulted in moderate increase of the reticulated platelet, leukocyte and reticulocyte counts in peripheral blood and megakaryocytic and erythroid progenitors in bone marrow. rhIL-11 did not enhance ADP-induced platelet aggregation. These results indicate that rhIL-11 has a potent thrombopoietic effect in vivo and could be an important agent to reduce the severity and duration of thrombocytopenia following chemotherapy.

In recent years, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint as the target has made revolutionary breakthroughs in the treatment of a variety of advanced solid tumors. Notwithstanding the impressive long-term therapeutic benefits, their efficacy is limited to a small subset of cancer patients. Some patients experienced drug resistance and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) primarily include antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and antibodies targeting PD-1 and its ligands. Thus, it is of utmost importance to screen potential biomarkers in populations that may benefit from immunotherapy, to maximize therapeutic benefits. This review summarizes the mechanism of ICIs and its related efficacy biomarker, to better guide the application of immunotherapy in clinical practice.