Müller cells, as the special radial glial cells in the retina, span the entire retina, contact with neurons, microvessels and processes in the retina and play a significant role in protecting retinal structure and function.Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major ocular complication of diabetic patients.In the progression of DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) is the main cause of vision loss.During the occurrence of DME, the morphological and structural changes of Müller cells including severer swelling and vacuolation of cell bodies, increased apoptosis, and abnormal secretion of cytokines, etc.damage the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), increase the permeability of BRB and accelerate the exudation of subretinal fluid.In addition, Müller cells can disrupt the regulation of K + and water transportation, obstruct the fluid absorption in the subretinal space and promote the formation of DME.However, in the early stage of DR, neurotrophic factors secreted by Müller cells can protect the retina by alleviating retinal edema and protecting optic ganglion cells, suggesting that Müller cells can be used as targets for DME treatment.Therefore, new strategies can be provided by fully exploring the role and mechanism of Müller cells in the formation of DME.In this paper, the mechanism of Müller cells in DME and its protective role in the progression of DME were reviewed.

BACKGROUND:Epidural anesthesia and combined spinal-epidural anesthesia are commonly used approaches for surgical anesthesia in elderly patients, and each has their advantages and disadvantages. Suitable anesthesia approach can stabilize the cycle, reduce the surgical risk and complications, and improve the success rate of treatment. OBJECTIVE:To analyze and compare the anesthesia effect of epidural anesthesia and combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in the elderly patients during hip arthroplasty, and explore the effect of different approaches on the on hemodynamics. METHODS:80 elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 40 cases in each group. The experimental group received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. The control group received epidural anesthesia. The mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and heart rate variability at each time point, sensory and motor block onset and recovery times, each block plane after 30 minutes of anesthesia, Bromage score of motor block, and anesthetic effects in both groups of patients were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The mean arterial pressure at 5 minutes, 30 minutes of anesthesia and after surgery in the control group was significantly lower than the experimental group at the same time point and before anesthesia (P<0.05). The heart rate at 5 minutes, 30 minutes of anesthesia and after surgery in the control group was significantly higher than that before anesthesia and the experimental group at the same time point (P<0.05). The central venous pressure at 5 minutes, 30 minutes of anesthesia and after surgery in the control group was significantly higher than that before anesthesia and the experimental group at the same time point (P<0.05). Sensory and motor block onset time in the experimental group was significantly shorter, while the sensory and motor block recovery time was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.01). After patients in the two groups were anesthetized for 30 minutes, each block plane and Bromage score of motor block showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Anesthetic effect in the experimental group was significantly better than the control group(χ2=5.691 7, P=0.017 0<0.05). Compared with epidural anesthesia, the combined spinal-epidural anesthesia can reduce hemodynamic changes in patients with hip replacement surgery, and has better anesthesia effect.

OBJECTIVE:To preliminarily explore the feasibility of achieving the optimal granulation interval of TCM prepara-tions. METHODS:Using molding technology of Zhongjiefeng granule as model,factorial design was adopted for test,using com-prehensive score which was weighted with grain yield and particle formation rate as investigation index,Origin 8.0 software was used to draw relationship effect diagram about comprehensive score of mixture with different moisture contents (extract powder-soluble starch)and wetting agent concentration,solid-liquid ratio;coordinate extraction was conducted by Screen Reader in Origin 8.0 software,and the optimal granulation interval of Zhongjiefeng granule under specific conditions was obtained. In the granula-tion interval,different batches of extract powder were selected for laboratory scale and prescription amplification test,and verifica-tion test was conducted. RESULTS:When extract powder-soluble starch was equal to 1:2,there was an optimal granulation inter-val for Zhongjiefeng granule,which meant when material moisture content ranged in [2.0%,6.0%],wetting agent concentration ranged in [50%,80%],and liquid-solid ratio ranged in [15.3 mL/g,18.6 mL/g],the prepared Zhongjiefeng granule met the re-quirements. Comprehensive score of verification test were higher than 85%,which proved the prepared granule was qualified. CON-CLUSIONS:The established method for exploring optimal granulation interval for TCM extract under specific conditions has cer-tain reference function to solve the problems in industrial production of TCM granulation,such as large difference between batches and poor reproducibility.