Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women. Bone is commonly affected in the context of metastatic breast cancer.Once bone metastasis happens, patient would experience poor prognosis and impaired quality of life.However, there is a lack of approaches for more sensitive and specific diagnosis and treatments for breast cancer bone metastasis.Thus, it is im-perative to find new treatment target from molecular mechanism.In this paper, we review the current research progress on the molecular mechanism from several levels including gene profile, proteins and microRNAs.We also review the establishment of animal models of breast cancer bone metastasis.With the achievements acquired in the completed or undergoing researches on breast cancer bone metasta-sis, we hope the finding of the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic targets could lead the breast cancer research into a new era.

Activated protein kinase ( AMPK) , an important energy receptor , plays a very important role in regulating organ-ism and the energy metabolism of the cell .AMPK has complex relationship with survival of different types of breast cancer cells .Ac-cording to different conditions , AMPK may exist both anti or promoting effect on tumor .In this review , we summarize the relationship between AMPK and breast cancer related signal pathways , AMP and breast cancer endocrine therapy , breast cancer chemotherapy , ra-diotherapy for breast cancer , treatment of triple negative breast cancer and multi drug resistance of the relationship , we also expound some drugs related to AMPK and used in clinical setting .

Sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE)is the most common form of encephalopathy in the pediatric intensive care units and might appear before other systemic features of sepsis.The pathogenesis of SAE is complex and not clear.SAE causes increased morbidity and mortality but has limited therapeutic options.SAE has become a hot issue in critical care medicine.

Sox-2(SRY related HMG box-2)is an essential embryonic stem cell gene and a necessary transcription factor for maintaining the proliferation and self-renewal capability of embryonic stem cell .Sox-2 is involved in complex cell signal transduction pathway network and adjusting biological behavior of cells .Expression of Sox-2 is adjusted by different factors in transduction , transla-tion and post-translation levels .In recent years , increasing evidences indicate Sox-2 has an important role in tumor development , growth, proliferation, and metastasis, which is involved in various biological behavior of tumor cells in many types of tumors .This pa-per reviews the role of Sox-2 in adjusting tissue and tumor development and complex cell signal transduction pathway network of Sox -2 and clinical values of Sox-2 in tumor diagnosis and treatment until now .

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS),a hot topic worldwide,has made rapid progress with nigh mortality.MODS in pediatrics versus MODS in adults are similar but different.Due to special age-related physiological characteristics.It is difficult to carry out randomized controlled clinical study compared with adults.Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric MODS can only be obtained with reference to adult MODS.This study reviews on the epidemiology,clinical scoring system,pathogenesis,clinical features and treatment of MODS in pediatrics.

Objective Aims To analyze the etiology of intestinal nutrition related diarrhea and to study its nursing. Method The rate and etiology of intestinal nutrition related diarrhea of 180 patients receiving intestinal nutrition through traditional nasal way from 2002 to 2003 year 180 patients(A group) was analysed retrospectively and new nursing was studied.From 2004 to 2005 year,202 patients(B group) received intestinal nutrition through nutrition pump and intensive nursing.The intestinal nutrition related diarrhea rate of two groups was compared. Results The diarrhea rate of B group was insignificantly lower than that of A group(P

Objective To study the reasonable doses, efficacy and safety of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) for continuous veno-venous hemofiltration(CVVH) in children. Methods There were 66 patients hospi-ta-lized in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Zhujiang Hospital,Southern Medical University treated with RCA-CVVH that were recruited in the study from October 2012 to July 2014. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to their weight:≤10 kg( group Ⅰ) ,20 kg≥weight>10 kg( group Ⅱ) ,30 kg≥weight>20 kg( group Ⅲ) ,>30 kg( groupⅣ),and each group randomly received 2 different doses of anticoagulant acid citrate dextrose formula A(ACD-A):ACD-A(mL/h)=0. 75×blood flow rate(BFR)(mL/min)(A dose) and ACD-A=1. 5×BFR(B dose). Data of hemo-filter duration, activated partial thromboplastin time( APTT) ( systemic and circuit) , ionized calcium( Ca2+) ( systemic and circuit), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum creatinine(Cr), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate amin-otransferase(AST), blood pH, sodium ion(Na+), bicarbonate ion(HCO3-) were collected and analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in BUN,Cr,ALT,AST and APTT of 2 different doses of ACD-A among the groups (all P>0.05);pH of B dose of ACD-A in group Ⅰwas significantly higher than that in A dose(F=7.384,P=0. 015);pH of B dose of ACD-A in groupⅡwas significantly higher than that in A dose(F=4. 492,P=0. 046),HCO3-of B dose of ACD-A in groupⅠwas significantly higher than that in A dose(F=7. 735,P=0. 013);HCO3-of B dose of ACD-A in groupⅡwas significantly higher than that in A dose(F=4. 644,P=0. 042);hemofilter duration of B dose of ACD-A in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in A dose(t=-3. 147,P=0. 016);hemofilter duration of B dose of ACD-A in groupⅣwas significantly higher than that in A dose(t=-6. 342,P=0. 000). Conclusions RCA-CVVH is effective and safe for critical children,and different doses of ACD-A for children with different weight can re-duce metabolic alkalosis and enhance regional anticoagulation.

AIM:To identify and quantify the expression of IL-1βand IL-17 in mast cells ( MCs) in different types of human pericapical diseases using double immunofluorescence staining .METHODS: The specimens ( n=102 ) , including healthy control ( n=35 ) , periapical cyst ( n=35 ) and periapical granuloma ( n=32 ) , were involved in the present study .The tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for at least 48 h and then embedded in paraffin . Serial 5-μm-thick sections were deposited onto SuperFrost/Plus microscope glasses .Routine staining of the sections using hematoxylin&eosin ( HE) was performed for morphological evaluation .The number of IL-1βand IL-17 positive MCs was identified by double immunofluorescence staining .RESULTS:Compared with the healthy controls , the inflammation score of periapical lesions was significantly increased in the periapical patients (P<0.01).The density of IL-1βand IL-17 posi-tive MCs in the periapical lesions were obviously higher than that in the healthy controls (P<0.01).However, no signifi-cant difference between periapical cyst and periapical granuloma was observed .The Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the density of IL-1βand IL-17 double positive MCs and inflammation score in dif-ferent groups of specimens (P<0.01).CONCLUSION:There is significantly increased number of MCs , along with in-creased density of IL-1βand IL-17 positive MCs in human periapical lesions .The increased density of IL-1βand IL-17 positive MCs has the similar tendency as the severity of tissue inflammation in human periapical lesions , suggesting that IL-1βand IL-17 positive MCs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of human periapical diseases .

Objective To measure the effect of panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on renal cortical tubule cell apoptosis and apoptosis-related genes in early stage after renal trauma and to investigate the protective mechanism of PNS for renal trauma.Methods Seventy-eight Wistar rats were divided into trauma group (n =36),trauma + treatment group (treatment group,n =36),normal control group (control group,n =6) according to the random number table.In treatment group,rats received intraperitoneal administration of PNS (70 mg/kg).Instead,substitute of an equal dose of isotonic saline was used for the rats in trauma and normal control groups.Trauma and treatment groups were subdivided at 1,6,12,24,36 and 48 hours posttrauma,with 6 rats per group.The kidney specimens were extracted at each time point to detect Bax expression in the cortex with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry.Moreover,the positive expression of Bax was compared among groups and its variation regularity with time were detected.Results In trauma group,mRNA transcription of pro-apoptosis gene Bax increased at 12 hours in the superficial cortex,but increased at 1 hour in deep cortex; protein expression of pro-apoptosis factor Bax showed no apparent reduction within 36 hours in the superficial cortex,but evident decrease within 12 hours in the deep cortex.In treatment group,mRNA transcription of pro-apoptosis gene Bax decreased immediately after treatment in the renal cortex and lasted until 48 h; protein expression of pro-apoptosis factor Bax showed unidirectional reduction until 48 h in the renal cortex.Conclusion PNS inhibits cell apoptosis by down-regulating the mRNA and protein expression of Bax.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the outcomes of missed Monteggia fractures in children treated with ulnar angulation-distraction osteotomy and plate fixation or external fixation.Methods Nineteen patients,including 11 boys and 8 girls who presented with missed Monteggia fracture,were reviewed from July 2005 to June 2011.Twelve children (Group A) were treated with ulna angulation osteotomy and plate fixation,and 7 eases(Group B) with ulna angulation-distraction osteotomy and external fixator.Thirteen patients were classified as type Bado Ⅰ,and six as type Bado Ⅲ.The age,the delay from injury to surgery,complications,elbow and forearm function,and the healing time of the osteotomy were compared.ResultsAll 19 patients were followed up.The duration of missed dislocation was from 6 to 36 months (mean,10 months).Redislocation of the radiocapitellar joint occurred after surgery in one case in group A.Forearm compartment syndrome occurred in one case after surgery in group B.All patients,except one,regained full elbow flexion in group A and B,various forearm pronation limitation were noted in all patients (mean,15°).The average healing of osteotomy of group A and B was 8 weeks(6-15 weeks) and 22 weeks (10-44 weeks).ConclusionThe ulnar angulation-distraction osteotomy could correct the ulnar deformity in children of missed Monteggia fractures,which is the key issue to be corrected.Both of the fixation strategies can obtain the same treatment results.Preoperative assessment is most important,plate internal fixation was recommended for young age and short delay cases,on the contrary,we prefer to choose external fixator.