Humans ; Parathyroid Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Prognosis

0.05).The degreeⅢ～Ⅳthrombocytopenia was more common in group A than in group B,but the degreeⅢ～Ⅳhypolekocytosis and phlebitis was more serious in group B.Conclusion NC and GC for treating refractory metastatic breast cancer have a high response rate and tolerable side effects.

Objective To evaluate therapeutic effects and toxicity of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)treated by combining chemotherapy on ifosfamide(IFO)and vinorelbine(NVB).Methods 107 cases pa- tients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled.IFO was given in a dosage of 1.5g/m~2 on day 1 to 4.and NVB in a dosage of 25mg/m~2 on day 1 and 8.It was repeated every three or four weeks,up to two to four cycles.Results Two patients had complete response and 40 patients had partial response.The overall response rate was 47.7% ,the median survival time 10.3 months,1-year and 2-year survival rate was 42% and 12.3%,respectively.The main toxicity was bone marrow suppression.Conclusion The regimen is effective,sale and tolerable in advanced non- small cell lung cancer therapy.

Objective To study the possibility of using heterogeneous antiserum in single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) for quantitative detection of HA in H7N9 influenza vaccine product when H7N9-specific antiserum is not available in order to establish a testing method for the detection of H 7N9 antigen in any urgent situation.Methods Antisera specific for H7N1, H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7 were obtained from NIBSC and used for SRID assay .Amino acid sequences of hemagglutinins were comparatively analyzed be-tween H7N9 virus and other viruses used to prepare heterogeneous antiserum .The titers of antisera against H7N9 and their homogenous antigens were detected by double immunodiffusion method .Based on the results of homology analysis and cross-reaction, a suitable antiserum was selected and its applicability was further validated by the SRID assay using H7N9 antigen.Results Influenza A virus subtype H7N3 that used for preparation of 07/278 antiserum showed the highest HA homology with H7N9 (97.14%).The titer of 07/278 antiserum against H7N9 antigen was 1 ∶8 as detected by double immunodiffusion assay .The H7N9 anti-gen and the 07/278 antiserum could form a clear precipitation line in SRID assay .The detection of H7N9 antigen in the range of 10 to 40μg/ml showed a good linearity in the standard curve .Conclusion The 07/278 antiserum from NIBSC can be used as an alternative reagent for the quantitative detection of hemaggluti -nin in H7N9 influenza virus vaccine .

Aim To study and compare the pharmaco-kinetic parameters of roxithromycin under normoxic and hypoxic rats. Methods A highly effective and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry ( UPLC-MS/MS) method with posi-tive electrospray ionization source was successfully de-veloped and validated for quantification of roxithromy-cin in rat plasma. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the hypoxia and normoxic groups. Each rat obtained a single dose of roxithromycin with 10 mg · kg-1 via intragastric administration. The pharmacoki-netic parameter comparison between normoxic and hy-poxic groups was calculated by SPSS software using in-dependent sample t test method. Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of roxithromycin between the normoxic and hypoxic rats were:the AUC(0-t) 7 576 and 3 761 μg·h·L-1 , MRT(0-t) 5. 6 and 7. 7 h, T1/2 3. 4 h and 3. 9 h, CL 1. 5 and 3. 0 L · h-1 · kg-2 , tmax3. 1 and 3. 4 h, Cmax 1 116 and 372 μg·L-1 , re-spectively. The levels of Cmax and AUC of roxithromy-cin in hypoxic rats were statistically lower than those in normoxic rats. Conclusion The exposure level of rox-ithromycin in hypoxic rats markedly decreased. Our re-sults may provide an important experimental basis to adjust the dosage for roxithromycin in hypoxic clinical practice.

This article proposes the "Efficacy Theory" hypothesis of the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs): TCMs take effects and weaken toxicities through the additive effects of numerous effective forms (including their constituents or/and metabolites) on a same target, the synergistic effects based on the overall action of the additive effects on individual targets and their toxicities scattering effects. A TCM may include approximately 1000 constituents and each constituent may produce about 100 metabolites in vivo after oral administration. Numerous effective forms of incalculable constituents and their metabolites could work like a "army group" together. When the quantity of a specific target molecule is larger than the pharmaceutical molecules, the molecules of different kinds of effective forms could combine with the target molecules successively, to exert the additive effects. When the target molecules are mostly occupied ("target most spaces occupied"), this TCM begins to work. The additive effects maybe exert not only in concentration but also in a time order way, which gives a sustained efficacy of TCM. The additive effects and the toxicities scattering effects are resulted from the same effective groups and not identical toxic groups among different effective form molecules. The "toxicities scattering effect" can be used to explain the non-toxic TCMs, but not fit for toxic TCMs. The efficacy theory showed that the variety of constituents and metabolites may participate in the process of pharmacodynamic actions, including the additive effects, synergy effects and toxicities scattering effects, which may be useful for explaining and developing the characteristic advantage of the TCMs. The questions we need to study or confirm are as follows: What are the TCMs' pharmacodynamic substance basis and mechanism made up of Why are toxicities of most TCMs' smaller How is the TCMs' "Efficacy Theory" which reflects characteristic advantage of TCMs applied in the research and development of new drugs.
Animals ; Drug Therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; chemistry

Compared with living spray method, it focused on the investigation of different inoculation methods, various inoculation concentration and the influence of different seeding age on soft rot-resistance in Jinxianlian. The results showed that (1) Inoculated with dropping connection, the difference of disease index between A. roxburghii and A. formosanus was grate, so that the disease-resistance could be obviously distinguished. (2) When the inoculation concentration was 1.0 x 10(7) cfu x mL(-1), the difference of disease index was relatively obvious and the disease-resistance could be differentiated well. (3) At the moment of 4-month seeding inoculation, a certain difference of the disease index between A. roxburghii and A. formosanus was existed, so, relatively, it could accurately reflect the resistance difference between various species. With the inoculation of dropping connection, A. roxburghii and A. formosanus of 4-month seeding age was put in the bacteria suspension of inoculation concentration of 1.0 x 10(7) cfu x mL(-1). The identification was taken up after 5 days in the incubator under the condition of 14 h daylight and 28 degrees C. The identification result was conformed with that of the living spray method. To investigate the identification method of in vitro evaluation of soft rot-resistance of Jinxianlian so as to provide the foundation for germplasm utilization and excellent cultivars breeding.
Plant Diseases ; microbiology

Objective To investigate the subtype distribution and changing trend of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains among men who have sex with men (MSM) during 2005-2011 in Beijing.Methods Five serial cross-sectional surveys of MSM were conducted in the year of 2005-2006,2007,2008,2009,and 2010-2011 in Chaoyang district of Beijing.Whole blood samples were collected and then RNA was extracted.HIV-1 gag gene was characterized by reverse transcriptase and nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification,DNA sequencing,and phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences to determine the HIV-1 subtypes.Results Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that the predominant subtypes of HIV-1 gag gene included subtype B,CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC.And CRF15_01B was detected from the year of 2008.In addition,significant changes of the distributions of subtypes and CRFs occurred from 2005 to 2011 in HIV+ MSM.Subtype B showed a significant decreased trend,while the proportions of CRF01 _AE and CRF07_BC significantly increased in the 7-year period,particularly that of CRF01_AE.Conclusions The substantial changes are observed in the diversity of HIV-1 strains circulating among MSM in Beijing during a 7-year period.

Objective To evaluate the safety of surgical procedures for patients after heart valve prosthesis implantation.Methods Clinical data of 12 cases with heart valve prosthesis implantation undergone other surgical treatment from November 1996 to December 2005 were retrospectively analyzed.All the cases had routine oral warfarin with prothrombin time (PT) of 20.0—28.3 s averaged 23.5 s, international normalized ratio (INR) for prothrombin of 1.79—2.23 averaged 1.95 and heart functional class Ⅰ—Ⅲ.Among them,appendectomy was performed in three cases with acute appendicitis,reposition and repair in one with inguinal hernia,radical gastrectomy in two with gastric carcinoma,left hemicolectomy in one,cholecystectomy in three,left femoral head replacement in one,and bilateral high ligation and ablation of great saphenous vein in one.Elective surgical operation was performed in seven cases,and emergency operation in five.In those with elective surgery,warfarin was stopped 2—3 days before operation,while 5—10 mg vitamin K_1 was injected intramuscularly 6—8 hours before emergency surgery with preoperative median PT of 15.1 and 15.3 s and median INR of 1.24 and 1.30,respectively.In operation,5—10 mg vitamin K_1 were injected intravenously into the patients by drip depending on their bleeding on the surface of wound.ECG,blood pressure,hemoglobin and oxygen saturation were routinely monitored for all the cases intraoperatively and postoperatively.For the cases with heart function above class Ⅱ,fluid infusion was adjusted based on intubated central venous pressure,and for those with general anesthesia,analyses of blood gases and electrolyte were monitored routinely in operation.Results OPeration time averaged 20—160 rain in all the 12 patients,with blood loss 5—280 ml in average and without complications of massive hemorrhage,thrombosis and heart failure.Conclusions Surgical operation was safe for patients with heart valve prosthesis implantation,if preoperative PT and INR were adjusted to about 15 s and 1.30,respectively by cessation of warfarin or application of vitamin K_1,combined with careful manipulation and strengthened perioperative management.

Objective To compare the therapeutic effect of the combination of ~(99m)Tc-methnetium methylene diphosphunate and colloidal chromic,phosphate ~(32)p with the monotherapies in rats with adjuvant arthritis(AA).Methods In this study,50 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups with 10 rats in each:normal control group(arthritis induced and treated with the same volume of normal saline via the same administration route),AA control group(arthritis induced with adjuvant and treated with normal sa- line),~(32)p colloid group(arthritis induced with adjuvant and treated with single intra-articular injection of col- luidal chromic phosphate ~(32)p 0.74 MBq and intra-peritoneal injection of normal saline every other clay),~(99m)Tc- MDP group(arthritis induced with adjuvant and treated with intra-peritoneal injection of ~(99m)Tc-MDP 2.5?10~(-3)?g/kg every other day and single intra-articular injection of normal saline),combination group(arthritis in- duced with adjuvant and treated with the combination of the two drugs).The diameter of the left hind ankle, serum levels of turnout necrosis factor(TNF)and interleukin-1?(IL-1?),and the pathological changes of an- kle joints were tested at different time points.Results The diameter of the left hind ankle at week 4 was smaller in the combination group than that of the ~(32)p colloid treatment alone group [(7.11?0.34)mm vs(7.57?0.29)mm,P