OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship of time-concentration of bisphenol A (BPA) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after single oral BPA administration.

METHODSA total of 66 specific pathogen free (SPF) SD male rats were divided into 10 experimental groups and control group (n = 6). The experimental group rats were treated with BPA of 300 mg/kg by oral gavage and blood samples were taken from one group at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 60, 84 h time point after oral administration, respectively. The serum BPA concentration was determined by fluorescence-high performance liquid chromatography (FL-HPLC) analysis.

RESULTSAfter oral administration of 300 mg/kg, the total serum BPA concentration of 17.13 microg/ml was the highest in rats at 1 h, then decreased, but it increased to 15.18 microg/ml again at 24 h, then gradually decreased to 0.51 microg/ml at 84 h. The level of serum free BPA was lower than that of total serum BPA after oral administration, the serum free BPA was 0.57 microg/ml at 0.5 h after oral administration. The serum free BPA level decreased to 0.06 microg/ml at 1 h, 0.03 microg/ml at 4 h, 0.01 microg/ml at 36 h after oral administration. The free BPA was only 4.15% (0.57/13.73) in total BPA in serum at 0.5 h after oral administration of 300 mg/kg BPA.

CONCLUSIONThese results suggested that conjugated BPA was the main metabolite of BPA in rat serum after single oral administration. Enterohepatic circulation of BPA glucuronide in rats may results in two peak levels of total BPA in serum.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Male ; Phenols ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serum ; metabolism ; Time Factors

To characterize the complete genome sequence of coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) MSH/KM9/2009 strain isolated from Yunnan, China,2009. Eight overlapping clones covering the whole viral genome (excluding the poly-A tail) were obtained by RT-PCR and sequenced, and their nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared with other known CVB1 strains. The genome of the CVB1 MSH/KM9/2009 strain had 7384 nucleotides in length, and contained a 741nt non-translated region (NTR) at the 5' end and a 94nt NTR at the 3' end. The entire open reading frame contained 6 549 nt, encoding a 2 183-aa polyprotein. In the coding region, there was no nucleotide deletion or insertion, but some changes of amino acid were unique. The complete genome sequence alignments showed that the CVB1 isolate MSH/KM9/2009 strain shared the highest nucleotide (80.9%, 81.6%, 80.5% and 80%) and amino acid (95.6%, 95.8%, 96.2% and 95.6%) identities to the CVB1 M16560, pmMC, Tucson B1 and CVB1Nm strain, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the MSH/KM9/2009, CVB1 M16560, pmMC, Tucson B1 and CVB1Nm strain clustered into same group. The newly isolated CVB1 strain MSH/KM9/2009 from Yunnan Province belonged to genotype CVB1.
Base Sequence ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Coxsackievirus Infections ; virology ; Enterovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Genome, Viral ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

The complete nucleotide sequence of two human enterovirus 71 strains (KMM09 and KM186-09) isolated in Yunnan,China, were determined by RT-PCR and sequencing. As with other human enteroviruses, the genomes were 7 409 nucleotides (nts) in length and encoded 2 193 aa. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 regions revealed that the two isolates belonged to subgenotype C4a. In structural genomic regions, subgenotype C4 was most homologous to other strains of C genotype when compared to other genotypes. In non-structural genomic regions, subgenotype C4 was more homologous to CA16/G10 and other strains of B genotype than to other strains of C genotype. RDP3 and Blast analysis displayed evidence of recombination in non-structural genomic regions between subgenotype B3 and C4, C4 and CA16/G10. The full-length genome of the human enterovirus 71 strains provided an overview of the diversity of genetic characteristics of a circulatinghuman enterovirus 71.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; China ; Enterovirus A, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Feces ; virology ; Genome, Viral ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Vero Cells

OBJECTIVETo investigate the mechanism of the different levels of serum bisphenol A (BPA) between rat and mouse after oral administration.

METHODSA total of 18 specific pathogen free (SPF) male rats and 18 mice were treated with 300 mg/kg BPA by oral administration, blood samples were taken from rats and mice after BPA administration at 0.5, 1.0, 12.0 h time points (n = 6 at each point). Serum BPA levels were quantified using fluorescence-high performance liquid chromatography (FL-HPLC) analysis. The rats and mice (n = 6, respectively) were perfused with 100 ml of 0.1 mmol/L BPA by intestinal absorption in situ, then the BPA levels of perfusion fluid at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 h time points and serum at 2.0 h after BPA perfusion were determined by FL-HPLC analysis. The levels of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1 (UGT2B1) mRNA expression in the liver of rats and mice were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and UGT2B1 enzymatic activity was determined by FL-HPLC method. The rats and mice (n = 6, respectively) were treated with 300 mg/kg BPA by oral administration after fasting 24 h, the feces were collected during 24 h and the levels of BPA in feces were determined by FL-HPLC analysis.

RESULTSAt 0.5, 1.0, 12.0 h after oral administration at 300 mg/kg BPA, the levels of serum BPA in mice ((66.57 ± 14.95), (51.16 ± 16.06), (22.73 ± 5.00) µg/ml, respectively) were significantly higher than in rats ((15.63 ± 5.65), (18.34 ± 5.02), (7.65 ± 2.58) µg/ml, respectively) (F values were 50.660, 17.957, 8.420, respectively, P < 0.05), the rates of absorption in mice small intestine during 0 h-, 0.5 h-, 1.0 - 2.0 h ((10.20 ± 4.20), (1.49 ± 0.67), (1.31 ± 0.55) µg × cm(-2) × min(-1), respectively) were higher than that in rats ((1.87 ± 0.69), (0.47 ± 0.13), (0.36 ± 0.08) µg × cm(-2) × min(-1), respectively) (F values were 14.954, 8.877, 11.536, respectively, P < 0.05), the serum BPA levels in mice ((22.64 ± 4.35) µg/ml) were significantly higher than in rats ((4.13 ± 0.83) µg/ml) after 2 h perfusion with 0.1 mmol/L BPA (F = 74.643, P = 0.000), the levels of UGT2B1 mRNA expression and enzymatic activity in the rats liver were obviously higher than in the mice liver. After oral administration at 300 mg/kg BPA, the feces BPA levels of rats ((1.50 ± 0.32) mg/g) were significantly higher than that of the mice ((0.57 ± 0.35) mg/g) (F = 21.215, P = 0.001) during 24 h.

CONCLUSIONThe serum BPA level of mouse is significantly higher than the rat after oral administration at 300 mg/kg BPA, which may be caused by BPA high absorption rate of mouse small intestine and strong ability of BPA glucuronidation and excretion of the rat.

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Intestinal Absorption ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; metabolism ; Phenols ; blood ; metabolism ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the status of bacterial contamination in the shellfish products in Wenzhou.

METHODSOne hundred samples were collected and their bacterial populations including the total plate count were investigated.

RESULTSOf the 100 samples collected, 67 samples failed to not meet the national regulations due to bacterial contamination, accounting for 67% of the total samples. Among the contaminated samples, the most serious contamination was caused by coliforms (61.4% of the total plate count with contamination), followed by Salmonella (18.6%), Vibio parahaemolyticus (15.7%), Listeria spp. (4.3%) and others (6%).

CONCLUSIONMicrobial pollution has become a threat to the marine shellfish products in Wenzhou.

Animals ; China ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Food Contamination ; Food Microbiology ; Listeria ; isolation & purification ; Salmonella ; isolation & purification ; Shellfish ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of intermittent fasting on metabolize and gut microbiota in obese presenium rats fed with high-fat-sugar-diet.

METHODSWe fed the Wistar rats with high-fat and high-sugar diet to induce adiposity, and the rats for intermittent fasting were selected base on their body weight. The rats were subjected to fasting for 72 h every 2 weeks for 18 weeks. OGTT test was performed and fasting blood samples and fecal samples were collected for measurement of TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C and sequence analysis of fecal 16S rRNA V4 tags using Illumina. Gut microbial community structure was analyzed with QIIME and LEfSe.

RESULTSAfter the intervention, the body weight of the fasting rats was significantly lower than that in high-fat diet group (P<0.01). OGTT results suggested impairment of sugar tolerance in the fasting group, which showed a significantly larger AUC than compared with the high-fat diet group (P<0.05). Intermittent fasting significantly reduced blood HDL-C and LDL-C levels (P<0.05) and partially restored liver steatosis, and improved the gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of YS2, RF32 and Helicobacteraceae and reducing Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Erysipelotrichaceae and Ralstonia. Bradyrhizobiaceae was found to be positively correlated with CHOL and HDL-C, and RF39 was inversely correlated with the weight of the rats.

CONCLUSIONIntermittent fasting can decrease the body weight and blood lipid levels and restore normal gut microbiota but can cause impairment of glucose metabolism in obese presenium rats.

Animals ; Body Weight ; Diet, High-Fat ; Fasting ; Fatty Liver ; microbiology ; physiopathology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Lipids ; blood ; Obesity ; microbiology ; physiopathology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

With the development of high technology, people spend more and more time on screens. Most screens contain a lot of blue light. As one of the important components of visible light, blue light has high energy. It may lead to many ocular diseases, such as myopia, cataract, dry eye, glaucoma and keratitis when eyes exposure to blue light for a long time. At present, the harm of blue light and how to prevent blue light have become a hot topic. Its mechanism mainly includes increasing the photosensitivity of lipofuscin, destroying the mitochondria, lysosome, lens and tear film. According to the mechanism of blue light damage, physical protective measures can be adopted. And the antioxidant, free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory drugs and gene therapy can be used to protect eye tissue. This paper mainly summarizes the harmful mechanism of blue light to eye and the corresponding prevention and treatment measures.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the genetic characterization of the complete genome from a human coxsackievirus B3 strain A103/KM/09 isolated in Yunnan province, 2009.

METHODSBy using RT-PCR, all the eight fragments which containing about 1000 nucleotides and covering full viral genome, were sequenced. By using Mega 5.05,Geneious, RDP 3 and SimPlot 3.5.1 software, sequences were aligned with other enterovirus reference sequences. Phylogenetic and recombination analysis were also carried out.

RESULTSThe A103/KM/09 isolate genome showed 7389 nucleotides in length , encoding for 2185 amino acids. In the complete genome, the homology of nucleotide and amino acid among the seven coxsackievirus B3 isolates were 81.0%-88.0% and 95.7%-98.0%, respectively. There appeared 81.0% and 95.7% homology when compared with that of Nancy prototype strain. Results from the Phylogenetic analysis showed that the coxsackievirus B3 formed five distinct clades, I-V. Nucleotide divergence rates between clades were 16.2%-24.3% . The A103/KM/09 strain belonged to clade V. Clade V was further divided into four sub-clades,A-D. The nucleotide divergence between sub-clades was 4.3%-11.4%. Putative recombinant event for A103/ KM/09 was detected.

CONCLUSIONAll coxsackievirus B3 isolates could be divided into five clades, with A103/KM/09 strain belonged to Clade V-D. Evolution of coxsackievirus B3 had occurred in China.

Base Sequence ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Encephalitis, Viral ; epidemiology ; virology ; Enterovirus B, Human ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Viral Proteins ; genetics