Objective To investigate the correlation between the excretive level of urinary albumin(ELUA) and the diabetic retinopathy(DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) pedigree.Methods Sixty-five type 2 diabetes mellitus families including 476 persons were enrolled in the present study.All of them were divided into normal glucose tolerance group(NGT,140 persons),impaired glucose regulation group(IGR,93 persons),diabetes mellitus group(DM,164 cases) and diabetic retinopathy group(DR,79 cases).The cases in DR group were further divided into background group(BDR,66 cases) and proliferation group(PDR,13 cases) according to the findings of oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT),fundus fluorescence angiography and fundus examination.The levels of blood pressure(BP),fasting blood glucose(FBG),postprandial blood sugar(PPBS),lipid,serum creatinine(Cr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and ELUA were determined.The correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed between the ELUA and other parameters.Results There was an increasing trend of ELUA in the NGT,IGR,DM and DR groups,and there existed significant differences in ELUA among the four groups(P0.05).A positive correlation was found by Spearman rank correlation analysis between ELUA and diastolic blood pressure(DBP) in DR group(P

BACKGROUND: It is generally thought that the pathogenesis of the chronic blocking pulmonary disease (COPD) is characteristics in chronic inflammations of air passage, lung essence and the lung blood vessels. As the classic Chinese medicine, Maxing Shigan decoction has the pharmaco logical effects on fever alleviation, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, cough relieving and phlegm resolving, which is suitable for the treatment of phlegm heat cumber lung COPD, and is remarkable in the curative effect.OBJECTIVE: To probe into the mechanism of Maxing Shigan decoction ini the treatment of COPD by studying the changes in interleukin-8 (IL-8),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4)and the ratio between IFN-γ and IL-4 in rats with COPD.DESIGN: Randomized control animal experiment.SETTING: Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.MATERIALS: Seventy-two healthy male Wistar rats of SPF level with the body mass of (200±20) g were selected. Maxing Shigan decoction, composed of 5 g of ephedra, 9 g of almond, 6 g of liquorices, 18 g of gypsum.The water-decocted enrichment was 0.475 g/mL, and the medical herb pieces were supplied by the TCM Dispensary of Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Medical University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.METHODS: The experiment was conducted in the Central Laboratory,Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from April to October 2005. ① 72 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: blank control group (n=24), retention of phlegm-heat modeling group (modeling group, n=24) and retention of phlegm-heat treatment group (treatment group, n=24). Improved smoking and trachea dropping lipopolysaccharide was adopted to copy COPD model, and model of phlegm heat cumber lung was remodeled for copy.② Rats in the treatment group were lavaged with 2 mL of Maxing Shigan decoction per day (the medicine composition: Chinese ephedra 5 g, almond 9 g, licorice 6 g, gypsum 18 g, the water fries the concentration for the density 475 g/L concentrated solution) from the 30th day, while rats in the modeling group were lavaged with 2 mL of normal saline each day.Rats in the blank control group received no interventions, which ate and drank freely under the same environment. ③ The contents of IL-8, IL-4 and TNF-α in the homogenate of lung tissues were tested by radio-immune method. ④ The content of IFN-γ in the homogenate of lung tissues was detected by the enzyme immunoassay method. ⑤ The ratio of IFN-γ and IL-4 was calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The contents of IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ,IL-4 as well as the ratio between IFN-γ and IL-4 in the homogenate of lung tissues in rats of each group.RESULTS: ① The level of IL-8 in the modeling group was markedly higher than that in the blank control group [(581.41±74.72), (318.63±40.01 ) ng/L,P ＜ 0.01], which was significantly decreased after the treatment [(533.95±68.67) ng/L,P ＜ 0.01], while there was difference in comparison with the blank control group (P ＜ 0.05). ② The level of TNF-α in the modeling group was significantly higher than that in the blank control group [(160.78±20.90), (100.29±24.2) ng/L, P ＜ 0.01], which was remarkably decreased after the treatment [(147.08±19.43) ng/L,P ＜ 0.05],whereas it was different in comparison with that in the blank control group(P ＜ 0.01). ③ Compared with the blank control group, the level of IFN-γ in the modeling group was markedly decreased [(230.32±72.33), (328.08±50.57) ng/L ,P＜ 0.01], which was obviously increased after the treatment [(267.24±55.14) ng/L ,P ＜ 0.05], and there were differences between the two groups (P ＜ 0.01). ④ The level of IL-4 was significantly increased in the modeling group than that in the blank control group[(135.08±29.17), (82.41±14.66) ng/L,P ＜ 0.01], which was significantly decreased after the treatment [(107.99±23.76) ng/L,P ＜ 0.01], and there was difference between the two groups (P ＜ 0.01 ). ⑤ The ratio between IFN-γ and IL-4 declined markedly in the modeling group than that in the blank control group (1.77±0.73,4.09±0.91 ,P ＜ 0.01), and the ratio increased markedly after the treatment(2.59±0.79, P ＜ 0.01 ). There was difference between the two groups(P ＜ 0.01 ).CONCLUSION: Maxing Shigan decoction can regulate the changes in level of multiple cytokines in rats with COPD, which has the effects of anti-inflammation and enhancing the immunity of organism immunization with clear curative effect on COPD (syndrome of retention of phlegmheat).

World Health Organization believes traditional Chinese medicine is used widely in the world. In order to fit in the new tendency, Chinese government has supported a large number of international cooperation projects of science and technology in the field in the recent years and that offered powerful support and good chances for international development of traditional Chinese medicine. Based on work experience of international science and technology cooperation project, the paper provides practical suggestions about application organizing, agreement signing, focus selecting and project implementing for international cooperation of traditional Chinese medicine. It suggests summarizing the experience of international cooperation for better implementation of science and technology projects frequently, and that will elevate the level of these projects, bring forward more achievements and promote the further international development of traditional Chinese medicine.

3.36,P30 voxels). Radioactive increases in BA11,44,8,9,45,left globus pallidus,orbital gyrus,frontal lobe and cerebellar hemisphere. Radioactive decreases in BA18,19,25,right post limb of internal capsule and periaqueductal gray matter.To these metabolizing changes of brain, radioactive increases in globus pallidus,orbital,frontal gyrus, cerebellar hemisphere and Radioactive decreases in bilateral occipital lobes,callosum were considered as the response to the acupuncture modulating within the human brain.Conclusion PET/CT imaging of brain function is useful method in exploring acupuncture mechanisms of brain.

Objective To establish a simple method for determination the Alkaloids contents from Zanthoxylum nitidum. Methods Adopting nitidunechloride as reference,alkaloids in Zanthoxylum nitidum were by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 329 nm. Results The liner arrange was 3～8 ?g/mL,regression equation:Y=97.75X -0.025 5,r =0.999 1 (n=6). The mean recovery of Nitidunechloride was 99.46%,RSD=0.93% (n =5). Conclusion The method performed is accurate and simple. The reproducibility and rate of extraction are also desirable.

Objective To analysis the progress in prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Dalian and to provide a scientific basis for further prevention and control of the disease.Methods From 2006 to 2010,5 or 9 townships were randomly sampled from each county in Dalian,4 villages were sampled from each selected townships and 15 or 8 households were sampled from each selected villages for collecting salt samples and salt iodine level was determined by direct titration method.Sixty daytime urine samples from pregnant women,breast feeding women,infants and young children were collected,respectively,every year to detect urinary iodine level.From 2007 to 2009,2 to 11 counties were sampled and from each selected county one school was sampled to collect 100 daytime urine samples of children aged 8-10 and iodine content was determined.From 2006 to 2009,2 to 5 counties were sampled,from each selected county 2 to 5 schools were sampled and 100 children aged 8 to 10 in each selected school were sampled to detect intelligence quotient level and the thyroid volume.Results From 2006 to 2010,16 012 copies of households' edible salt samples were monitored; the average iodine content was ranged 29.68-31.51 mg/kg,the rate of qualified iodized salt in household ranged from 97.24％ to 98.42％.A total of 1398 copies of urine samples of pregnant women,486 breast feeding women,473 infants and 502 young children were monitored,and the median value of urinary iodine was 129.3-189.6,114.6-190.6,148.5-298.5 and 144.4-187.3 μg/L,respectively.A total of 1657 urine samples were monitored,1264 intelligence quotient level and 1197 thyroid volume of school-age children were determined,the median urinary iodine,thyroid goiter rate and intelligence quotient level was 217.9-266.7 μg/L,0-3.29％ and 110.4-117.2 μg/L,respectively.Conclusions From 2006 to 2010,the city's households qualified iodized salt coverage rate has reached the national standard for elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.The iodine nutrition of key population and school-age children has reached adequate level,the thyroid goiter rate is less than 5％,and the level of intelligence quotient has increased every year.But the iodine nutrition of breast feeding women in 2009 and 2010,pregnant women in 2010 is inadequate,so iodine nutrition surveillance and health education in pregnant and breast feeding women need to be strengthened in the future.

Myopia is not only a global public health problem, but also a significant socio-economic problem. There are various hypotheses about the pathogenesis of myopia, which is basically the result of the combination of environmental and genetic factors. Although a large number of epidemiological studies have been carried out on the influencing factors of myopia, most of them are cross-sectional studies, longitudinal cohort studies are relatively few. This paper will summarize the influencing factors of myopia at homeland and abroad in recent years.

Objective To establish burn-induced esophageal lesion model by adding NaOH with different concentrations in rabbits, and investigate the effect of modified sijunzi decoction on the p53 and Bcl-2.Methods After injection with different concentrations of NaOH, esophagus was dissected and observed anatomically.Rabbits were given a gavage of modified Sijunzi decoction daily for 20 days, and then were injected with NaOH.Esophageal epithelium isolated from each group was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.p53 and Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression was measured with western blot and qRT-PCR, respectively.Results The degree of corrosion of esophageal epithelium was positively correlated with the concentration of NaOH.p53 protein and mRNA levels were increased after NaOH challenge; this increase was inhibited by treatment with modified Sijunzi decoction.Additionally, NaOH decreased Bcl-2 protein and mRNA, which was attenuated by modified Sijunzi decoction.Conclusion Modified sijunzi decoction can relieve the esophageal alkali burning in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that modified Sijunzi decoction may be a useful strategy to treat chemical injuries in esophageal tissue.

Objective To explore the dosimetry of simplified intensity modulated radiotherapy (sIMRT)in the spinal component of craniospinal irradiation(CSI)compared with conventional plan(3D-CRT).Methods Five previously treated patients were adopted to generate 3D-CRT,3-and 5-field slMRT plans.The prescribed dose was 36 Gy to the planning target volume(PTV)in 20 fractions.The dose distributions of target volume and normal tissues,and homogeneity index(HI)were ananlyzed using the dose volume histogram.The total monitor units(MUs)were also analyzed to compare the delivery time indirectly.Results For 3D-CRT plans,the region of the neighbouring fields only received 70％ of the prescribed dose,and the maximum dose delivered in the normal tissues was increased to approximately 140％ of the prescribed dose.The homogeneity index(HI)of 3-and 5-field sIMRT were 0.09 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ±0.01,respectively,superior to that of 3D-CRT(0.18 ± 0.02,t=7.80,7.65,P＜0.05).The values of V10 for the heart of 3-and 5-field sIMRT were(8.4 ± 1.9)％ and(8.4 ± 2.0)％,respectively,lower than that of 3D-CRT((36.0 ± 6.0)％(t=13.3,13.0,P＜0.05).V20 for the thyroid gland were (12.4±1.5)％ and(12.4±1.6)％,respectively,lower than(69.4±5.7)％ of 3D-CRT(t=26.3,26.4,P＜0.05).V20 for the larynx were(17.2 ± 1.2)％ and(17.9 ± 1.5)％,respectively,lower than that of 3D-CRT[(89.4±7.0)％(t=25.5,26.5,P＜0.05)].V30for the NTwas(4.4±1.4)％,(4.9± 1.9)％,lower than that of 3 D-CRT[(31.9 ± 6.1)％(t=8.5,10.1,P＜0.05)].The averaged values of total MUs for 3-and 5-field sIMRT were 1100 ± 177 and 1160 ±204,respectively,higher than that of 3D-CRT(640 ± 151).Conclusions Compared with the 3D-CRT CSI technique,3-and 5-field sIMRT have better dose distribution and can improve target dose uniformity and protect the organs at risk.

BACKGROUND: Many diseases accompany with changes of gene expression which can provide a valuable clue for pathogenesis and therapy of cognitive diseases.OBJECTIVE: To screen expression of different genes in lung tissue of model rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by gene expression profiling technique. DESIGN: Open study. SETTING: Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Radiation Medical Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences of Chinese PLA; Shangdong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from April to October 2005. ① Fifteen healthy male Wistar rats of SPF grade and aged 50 days were randomly divided into normal group, model control group and Chinese herb group with 5 in each group. ② Type of gene chip was BiostarR-40S and provided by Shanghai Boxing Gene Chip Company Limited (batch number: G050510010052).METHODS: ① COPD models in model control group and Chinese herb group were established with modified smoking-fumigated method plus adding lipopolysaccharide in windpipe. Pathological changes of airway were observed under optic microscope. Models were established successfully based on the following phenomenon: hyperemia and edema in mucous membrane of airway; degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells; infiltration of bronchial cavity in lung tissue and surrounding chronic inflammatory cells; proliferation of smooth muscle and fibrocyte surrounding dissepiment; thin and broken interval; amplifying confluence of pulmonary alveolus; thickness of vascular wall of arteriole; decrease of vaso-cavity; infiltration of surrounding inflammatory cells. ② At 30 days after modeling,0.65 g/mL self-made Chinese herb (mahuang, xingren, huangqi, etc.) wasperfused into rats in Chinese herb group with 2 mL each time, once a day,for successive 14 days. Rats in model control group were perfused with 2 mLsaline; however, rats in normal group were untouched. All rats drank freely under the same internal environment. ③ After administration, rats in each group were sacrificed to extract total RNA, label and hybridizated with probe, wash pieces, analyze gray value of clip with clip imaging software,obtain original signal of each gene point (signal values of foreground and background) and determine differently expressed genes. If size of test was more than 2.0, genes were regarded as up-regulation genes; otherwise, if ratio was less than 0.5, they were regarded as down-regulation genes. In this study, based on reliability, if size of test was more than 2.5, they were regarded as up-relation genes; however, if ratio was less than 0.375, they were regarded as down-regulation genes.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Comparisons of differently expressed genes in normal and model control groups; ② Comparisons of differently expressed genes in normal and Chinese herb groups; ③Comparisons of differently expressed genes in model control and Chinese herb groups.RESULTS: Fifteen rats were all involved in the final analysis. ① As compared with those in normal group, there were 57 differently expressed genes in model control group, involving in immunity, metabolism, signal transduction, adjusting of gene expression, cell cycle, cell transport, cell migration, fibrosis, etc. ② Gene expression in Chinese herb group reached normal level and there were 11 differently expressed genes as compared with those in normal group, involving in stress, signal transduction, cytoskeleton, etc. ③ As compared with those in model control group, there were 7 differently expressed genes in Chinese herb group, involving in immunity and excretion of neurotransmitter.CONCLUSION: Changes of gene expression may be one of reasons of COPD pathogeneses; moreover, most differently expressed genes can recover the normal level after drug therapy which is beneficial to correct pathological changes of COPD.