OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Bushen Huoxue Granule on the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. METHODS: After treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺, 1 mmol/L) for 24 h, the cells were incubated with drug-free serum, Madopar-containing serum or Bushen Huoxue Granule-containing serum (BCS, 5%, 10%, and 20%) for another 24 h. The levels of α-synuclein (α-syn), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and UPS-related proteins were detected by Western blot. The expression levels of α-syn in PC12 cells were also analyzed by Western blot after treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 and WT-α-syn plasmid transfection, respectively, as well as the alterations induced by subsequent BCS intervention. Immunocytochemistry was performed to determine the changes in α-syn phosphorylation at serine 129 (pSer129-α-syn) expression. The 20S proteasome levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay. RESULTS: BCS (volume fraction ⩽20%) intervention could alleviate the MMP⁺-induced cell viability decrease (P<0.05). In the MPP⁺ treated cells, α-syn was up-regulated, while TH and proteins of UPS such as ubiquitin (Ub), Ub binding with Ub-activating enzyme (UBE1), Parkin and Ub C-terminal hydrolase-1 (UCHL-1) were down-regulated (P<0.05). BCS intervention could attenuate the above changes (P<0.05). The activity of BCS on blocking α-syn accumulation was weakened by MG132 (P<0.05). While α-syn level was significantly increased in cells transfected with plasmid, and reduced by BCS intervention (P<0.05). pSer129-α-syn was increased in MPP⁺-induced PC12 cells, whereas decreased by later BCS intervention (P<0.05). The 20S proteasome activity of MPP⁺-induced PC12 cells was decreased, but increased after BCS intervention (P<0.05). CONCLUSION BCS intervention protected UPS function, increased 20S proteasome activity, promoted pathological α-syn clearance, restored cell viability, and reversed the damage caused by MPP⁺ in the in vitro model of Parkinson's disease.
PC12 Cells ; alpha-Synuclein/metabolism* ; Rats ; Animals ; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/toxicity* ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Ubiquitin/metabolism* ; Cell Survival/drug effects* ; Phosphorylation/drug effects* ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism*

Objective To explore the dynamic changes and mechanisms of neurological and cognitive functions in mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Totally 60 12⁃month⁃old Balb/ c mice were divided into control group (10 in group) and TBI group (50 in group). TBT model mice were divided into 5 subgroups according to the time of model construction, including model 1 day, model 1 day, model 3 day, model 7 day, model 14 days and model 28 days group with 10 in each group. At the 29th day of the experiment, neurological scores and step down tests were carried out. After the test, the mice were sacrificed for brains which were detected by immunohistochemistry staining, inflammatory cytokine tests and Western blotting. Results Compared with the control group, the neurological scores of mice in TBI group increased, and then decreased after the 7th day when the scores reached the peak. However, the latency of step down errors was lower than control group, and the number of step down errors was higher than control group which had no changes. Compared with the control group, the expression of lonized calcium⁃binding adapter molecule 1(IBA1), chemokine C⁃X3⁃C⁃motif ligand1 (CX3CL1), C⁃X3⁃C chemokine receptor 1(CX3CR1), NOD⁃like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), and phosphorylation nuclear factor(p⁃NF)⁃κB in TBI group increased and reached to the peak at the 7th day, and then started to decrease. At the same time, the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin⁃6(IL⁃6) and tumor necrosis factor⁃α(TNF⁃α) first increased to the peak, and then began to decrease. However, compared with the control group, the expression of amyloid β(Aβ) protein and p⁃Tau protein in the model group continued to increase at all time. Conclusion The TBI model caused continuous activation of microglia along with inflammatory response, which first increased and then decreased, resultsing in neurological scores changes. In addition, the inflammatory response may act as a promoter of Aβ protein deposition and Tau protein phosphorylation, leading to cognitive impairment in mice.

Objective To explore the correlations between serum Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-23 and IL-33 levels and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Methods The clinical characteristics and laboratory data from 55 patients with CSU and 21 healthy controls at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from February 2021 to September 2023 were collected. The disease activity and severity of CSU patients were assessed. Serum level of MRGPRX2 was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-23, and IL-33 were measured using Luminex multiplex assay in all subjects. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlations between biomarkers and other parameters in CSU patients, and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing CSU. Results CSU patients exhibited significantly higher serum levels of MRGPRX2 (2.41[0, 11.51] ng/mL vs 0[0, 2.86] ng/mL, P＝0.015) and IL-23 (0.09[0.04, 0.56] pg/mL vs 0.05[0.03, 0.08] pg/mL, P＝0.033) than healthy controls. There was no difference in levels of other cytokines between the two groups. There was no difference in levels of MRGPRX2 and cytokines between severe and non-severe CSU patients. Correlation analysis showed that serum MRGPRX2 levels in CSU patients were positively correlated with IL-4 (r＝0.345, P＝0.010) and IL-6 (r＝0.395, P＝0.003) levels. Logistic regression analysis indicated that MRGPRX2≥0.055 ng/mL and IL-23≥0.135 pg/mL were independent risk factors for CSU (P＜0.05). Conclusions Serum levels of MRGPRX2 and IL-23 in CSU patients are elevated, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of CSU.

Objective:This study constructs a strategic model for healthy city construction using Hubei Province as a case study,aiming to provide a reference for advancing healthy city initiatives.Methods:Utilizing grounded theory,we analyzed interview data from 9 cities in Hubei.Through open coding,principal axis coding,and selective coding,we identified and refined the strategic components for healthy city construction.Results:The strategies for healthy city construction in Hubei encompasses 30 initial categories,11 main categories,and 3 core categories:government initiative-led,departmental cooperation,and social co-construction and co-governance.This framework culminates in a theoretical model centered on sustainable construction,with the long-term improvement of population health as the ultimate goal.Conclusion:The strategies of government initiative-led,departmental cooperation,and social co-construction and co-governance function synergistically as guiding,implementing,and mobilizing frameworks for healthy city construction.By integrating these strategies,we can promote the sustainability of healthy cities and ultimately achieve long-term improvement of population health level.

OBJECTIVES: Existing evidence suggests that miscarriage and stillbirth are associated with an increased risk of stroke in women. However, the impact of these events on stroke mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the potential association between miscarriage and stillbirth and stroke mortality in women. METHODS: We employed a competing risk model using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial to assess the relationship between miscarriage/stillbirth and stroke death. Death from other causes was considered as a competing risk, and we conducted a subgroup analysis to explore the potential impact. RESULTS: Our study included 68,629 women for miscarriage and 65,343 women for stillbirth. No significant association was observed between miscarriage and stroke mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.10; p=0.58). While a single stillbirth did not show a significant association (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.15; p=0.23), recurrent stillbirth (≥2) was associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke mortality compared to women with no stillbirths (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 3.46; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that recurrent stillbirth, but not single events, is associated with an elevated risk of stroke mortality in women. Further research is warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms and potential long-term health implications of recurrent pregnancy loss.

OBJECTIVES: Existing evidence suggests that miscarriage and stillbirth are associated with an increased risk of stroke in women. However, the impact of these events on stroke mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the potential association between miscarriage and stillbirth and stroke mortality in women. METHODS: We employed a competing risk model using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial to assess the relationship between miscarriage/stillbirth and stroke death. Death from other causes was considered as a competing risk, and we conducted a subgroup analysis to explore the potential impact. RESULTS: Our study included 68,629 women for miscarriage and 65,343 women for stillbirth. No significant association was observed between miscarriage and stroke mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.10; p=0.58). While a single stillbirth did not show a significant association (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.15; p=0.23), recurrent stillbirth (≥2) was associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke mortality compared to women with no stillbirths (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 3.46; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that recurrent stillbirth, but not single events, is associated with an elevated risk of stroke mortality in women. Further research is warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms and potential long-term health implications of recurrent pregnancy loss.

OBJECTIVES: Existing evidence suggests that miscarriage and stillbirth are associated with an increased risk of stroke in women. However, the impact of these events on stroke mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the potential association between miscarriage and stillbirth and stroke mortality in women. METHODS: We employed a competing risk model using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial to assess the relationship between miscarriage/stillbirth and stroke death. Death from other causes was considered as a competing risk, and we conducted a subgroup analysis to explore the potential impact. RESULTS: Our study included 68,629 women for miscarriage and 65,343 women for stillbirth. No significant association was observed between miscarriage and stroke mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.10; p=0.58). While a single stillbirth did not show a significant association (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.15; p=0.23), recurrent stillbirth (≥2) was associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke mortality compared to women with no stillbirths (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 3.46; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that recurrent stillbirth, but not single events, is associated with an elevated risk of stroke mortality in women. Further research is warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms and potential long-term health implications of recurrent pregnancy loss.

OBJECTIVES: Existing evidence suggests that miscarriage and stillbirth are associated with an increased risk of stroke in women. However, the impact of these events on stroke mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the potential association between miscarriage and stillbirth and stroke mortality in women. METHODS: We employed a competing risk model using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial to assess the relationship between miscarriage/stillbirth and stroke death. Death from other causes was considered as a competing risk, and we conducted a subgroup analysis to explore the potential impact. RESULTS: Our study included 68,629 women for miscarriage and 65,343 women for stillbirth. No significant association was observed between miscarriage and stroke mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.10; p=0.58). While a single stillbirth did not show a significant association (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.15; p=0.23), recurrent stillbirth (≥2) was associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke mortality compared to women with no stillbirths (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 3.46; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that recurrent stillbirth, but not single events, is associated with an elevated risk of stroke mortality in women. Further research is warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms and potential long-term health implications of recurrent pregnancy loss.

Humans ; Consensus ; Hypersensitivity ; Desensitization, Immunologic/adverse effects* ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Allergens

Humans ; COVID-19/genetics* ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/genetics* ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics* ; RNA, Viral/genetics*