Background Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an immune related receptor.It plays an important role in inducing inflammation response.The inflammatory response secondary to optic nerve crush will results in serious retinal damage.It is worthy of studying the expression and effect of TLR4 in retina after optic nerve crush.Objective This experimental study was to explore the role of TLR4 in the loss of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) after optic nerve crush.Methods Twenty-four SPF adult health Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in the study and radomized into two groups based to the experimental time.The optical nerve crush models were established by crushing the optical nerve in the right eyes of the rats,and the left normal eyes served as controls.The rats were sacrificed by over anesthesia and retinas were isolated 3 days and 7 days after operation.Expression of TLR4 in the retinas was detected using immunofluorescence method.Reverse trancription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot were applied respectively for the detection of TLR4 mRNA and protein in the retinas.The apoptosis of RGCs was evaluated using TUNEL staining.The use and care of experimental animals followed theGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of NIH.This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center.Results The expression of TLR4 in rat retinas presented with green fluorescence mainly in the inner layer of retinas.The fluorescence was enhanced in the model 3 days group and the model 7 days group compared with the corresponding control groups.The relative expressing values of TLR4 mRNA in the retinas were 2.92±0.06and 3.92±0.12 in the model 3 days and 7 days groups,respectively,which were significantly higher than 2.87±0.12and 3.44±0.17 in the control 3 days and 7 days group (t3d =-12.888,P＜0.001 ;t7d =-4.669,P=0.010).In the model 3 days group and model 7 days group,the grey values of TLR4 protein were 1.14±0.05 and 1.49±0.03,and those in the control 3 days and 7 days groups were 0.99 ± 0.09 and 1.38 ± 0.07,showing significant differences between them(t3d =-11.324,P＜0.001 ;t7d =-5.638,P=0.005).Apoptotic RGCs were obviously increased in the optic nerve damage group in comparison with the control group.Conclusions The TLR4 is over-expressed in the inner layer of retina after optic nerve crush,which suggestes that TLR4 is probably involved in the loss of RGCs after optic nerve crush.

As the number of patients with compromised immune function increases and fungal resistance develops, so does the risk of contracting deadly fungi in humans. Both fungi and humans are eukaryotes, so identifying unique targets for antifungal drug development is difficult. In addition, the existing antifungal drugs are limited by toxicity, drug interaction and drug resistance in practical application, which leads to the increasing incidence and fatal rate of fungal infections. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new antifungal drugs. The semi-synthetic technology using microbial fermentation products from natural sources as lead compounds has become the most used method in structural modification of antifungal drugs due to its advantages of few reaction steps and easy operation. This paper will introduce the current status of natural antifungal drugs in clinical use, as well as the latest progress in the research and development of new semi-synthetic antifungal drugs, and summarize their mechanism of action, structural modifications, advantages and disadvantages, so as to provide reference for the subsequent development of new antifungal drugs.

Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspases ; metabolism ; physiology ; Enzyme Activation ; Fas Ligand Protein ; metabolism ; Humans ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Neoplasms ; metabolism ; therapy ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction

Objective To explore the pathophysiological mechanisim underlying the development and progression of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) through an ultrastructural observation of the outer membrane of CSDH. Methods A total of 8 samples of CSDH outer membrane were obtained from the 8 patients who had uncergone surgery of hematoma removal in our department from January 2008 to January 2009.CT scanning revealed 2 cases of low hematoma density,2 cases of hematoma isodensity, 2 cases of high hematoma density and 2 cases of mixed hematoma desity.Conventional light microscopy and electron microscopy were used to observe the ultrastructure of the outer membrane. Results Light microscopy showed numerous dilatated and congested macrocapillaries with a wide vascular lumen in the outer membrane of the hematoma capsule.Electron microscopy showed weak, discontinous or partially dissolved endothelial cells in the macrocapillaries.Scattered red blood cells in the extracellular space were found, indicating bleeding within the outer membrane.Eosinophils increased with enlarged granules within the cellular cytoplasm.Neutrophils and macrophages were also present in some specimens.Fibroblasts showed a state of significant proliferation and activation. Conclusions There are abundant newly formed vascular networks in the outer membrane of CSDH. Neomembrane formation, neovascularization and repeated micro-haemorrhages from these fragile new vessels may play a key role in the development and progression of CSDH.

Objective To investigate in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Enterococcus spp . isolated from clinic specimens in a hospital.Methods 188 Enterococcus spp . isolates from specimens sent by clinic depart-ments in June 2013-July 2014 were identified and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Results Of 188 En-terococcus spp . isolates,119 were Enterococcus faecium (E.faecium),60 were E.faecalis ,and 9 were E.avium, these strains were mainly isolated from urine (34.57%)and blood specimens (19.15% ).No daptomycin and linezolid-resistant strain was detected;resistant rates of E.faecium to vancomycin was 1 .68%,to penicillin, ampicillin,high concentration gentamycin,erythromycin,and levofloxacin were all > 70%;except tetracycline, resistant rates of E.faecalis to the other antimicrobial agents were all lower than E.faecium,resistant rates of E. faecalis to penicillin and ampicillin were 16.67% and 13.33% respectively.Conclusion Daptomycin has high activity against Enterococcus spp . in this hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate genetic polymorphisms of 21 non-CODIS STR loci in Han population from the east of China and to explore their forensic application value. METHODS: Twenty-one non-CODIS STR loci, were amplified with AGCU 21+1 STR kit and DNA samples were obtained from 225 unrelated individuals of the Han population from the east of China. The PCR products were analyzed with 3130 Genetic Analyzer and genotyped with GeneMapper ID v3.2 software. The genetic data were statistically analyzed with PowerStats v12.xls and Cervus 2.0 software. RESULTS: The distributions of 21 non-CODIS STR loci satisfied the Hardy-Weinberg equilibration. The heterozygosity (H) distributions were 0.596-0.804, the discrimination power (DP) were 0.764-0.948, the probability of exclusion of duo-testing (PEduo) were 0.176-0.492, the probability of exclusion of trios-testing (PEtrio) were 0.334-0.663, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.522-0.807. The cumulative probability of exclusion (CPE) of duo-testing was 0.999707, the CPE of trios-testing was 0.9999994, and the cumulated discrimination power (CDP) was 0.99999999999999999994. CONCLUSION Twenty-one non-CODIS STR loci are highly polymorphic. They can be effectively used in personal identification and paternity testing in trios cases. They can also be used as supplement in the difficult cases of diad paternity testing.
Alleles ; Asian People/genetics* ; China/ethnology* ; DNA/isolation & purification* ; Forensic Genetics/methods* ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Loci/genetics* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic

OBJECTIVETo find out the optimal approach to decompress externally the severe injured brain and to avoid possible complications caused by external decompression.

METHODS68 patients who underwent external decompression after traumatic brain injury were admitted into Tianjin Medical University General Hospital for cranioplasty from 1995 to 2001. Complications were retrospectively investigated and analyzed in all patients. The findings were compared between the patients who accepted the decompressive craniectomy in our hospital and in local hospitals. chi(2)-test was employed for statistical analysis and complication evaluation.

RESULTSLarge craniectomy definitely caused some side effects to patients. Among various complications, several of them showed significantly high incidence (P<0.05) in patients who underwent the decompressive operation in local hospitals such as shunt-dependent hydrocephalous, subdural fluid collection, and CSF leakage from scalp incision. The rest of the complications had no remarkable difference (P<0.05) between the two groups including dilation or/and migration of lateral ventricle underlying the cranial defect, skin flap concavity, encephalomalacia of the decompressive area, seizure and infection.

CONCLUSIONSTo reduce the incidence of iatrogenic side effects, surgical craniectomy should be performed according to the strict indication and standard and any abuse should be avoided.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; surgery ; Craniotomy ; adverse effects ; standards ; Decompression, Surgical ; adverse effects ; standards ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; epidemiology ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To detect the feasibility of magnetically labeled swine bone marrow mesenehymal stem cells(MSCs)with SHU 555A combined with poly-L-arginine(PLL),under MR imaging in vitro and in vivo.Methods Swine mesenehymal stem cells were isolated and culture-expanded 3 passages in vitro,then magnetically labeled by incubation with SHU 555A(25?g Fe/ml,Resovist,Schering)for 24 hours with 750 ng/mL poly-L-lysine(PLL;average MW_275 kDa)added 1 hour before incubation.Cellular iron incorporation and detention at 0 d,4 d,8 d,12 d,16 d,20 d after labeling was qualitatively assessed using Prussian blue and quantified at atomic absorption spectrometry.Cell viability was assessed by trypan-blue exclusion test.Cell suspensions underwent MR imaging with T_1-and T_2-weighted spin-echo and fast field-echo sequences on a clinical 1.5 T MR system.At last,1?10~6 SHU 555A labeled and unlabeled MSCs were transextracardially implanted into the infracted and normal myocardium approximately 2 week following the ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery in 1 swine respectively,and finally performed 1.5-T MRI within 1 week after infarction.Results①Intracytoplasmic particles stained with Prussian blue stain were detected for all cells with mean cellular iron content of(13.13?2.30)pg per cell.With division of stem cells, the stained particles decreased gradually with iron content(0.68?0.20)pg per cell.at 16 days after labeling, approximately to the prelabeled baseline values.(0.21?0.06)pg per cell(P＞0.05).The viability of the labeled cells at various time points were not significantly different with that of nonlabeled cells(P＞0.05).②MR images showed signal intensity changed most obviouly in T2*WI in vitro.The percentage change of signal intensity increased with increasing cell numbers,and decreased with the time.As few as 5?10~4-1?10~5 cells could be detected by using this approach.③Two injected sites containing MR-MSCs were detected in vivo,presentingas low signal intensity areas with the T_2*WI scanning sequence.Conclusion Swine bone marrow MSCs can be labeled with SHU555A-PLL and depicted with a standard 1.5-T MR imager in vitro and in vivo.(J lntervent Radiol,2007,16:115-121)

Objective To explore the effect of intracoronary recombinant human urokinase (Pro-uk) and tirofiban in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutanous coronary intervention (PCI) by observing coronary blood flow,myocardial damage and the major adverse cardiovascular events major (MACE).Methods Ninety-eight patients with STEMI who underwent emergency PCI were randomly divided into treatment group(n =48) and control group (n =50).All patients were treated with aspirin 300 mg and ticagrelor 180 mg before coronary angiography (CAG).Treatment group was given Pro-uk 10 mg and tirofiban 10 μg · kg-1 after CAG.Control group was received PCI.The number of correction thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIM1) frames (CTFC) and myocardial perfusion grade (TMP) were observed after PCI.The levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and troponin Ⅰ (cTn Ⅰ) were measured before and after operation.The major cardiac adverse events were recorded 30 days after PCI.Results The TIMI score of the arteries in treatment group was higher than that in control group.The number of corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) in treatment group and control group were 21.97 ± 5.21,30.56 ± 4.85,with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The percentage of TMP level 2 and more in treatment group and control groups were 75.00％,56.00％,with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of CK-MB and cTn Ⅰ in treatment group were (29.24 ± 8.87),(8.34 ± 2.01)ng · mL-1,had significant difference with those in control group,which were (36.93 ± 9.45),(9.36 ± 1.68)ng · mL-1 (P ＜ 0.05).There was 1 case of severe heart failure(2.08％),and there were 8 cases (16.00％) of severe heart failure and 6 cases (12.00％) of malignant arrhythmia in control group,with significant difference in two groups(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Intracoronary use of Pro-uk and tirofiban can alleviate myocardial injury,improve myocardial microcirculation perfusion,and decrease the MACE.

Objective To observe effects of Qinjiao (Gentianae macrophyllae Pall.) in different combinations in wind-damp-heat arthralgia RA model rats and its mechanism.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into eight groups:normal group,disease model group (type Ⅱ collagen),syndrome model group (type Ⅱ collagen + rheumaticfever),positive drug group,Qinjiao group,Qinjiao + Weilingxian (Clematis chinensis Osbeck) group,Qinjiao + Sangjisheng (Taxillus chinensis)group,Qinjiao + Fangji (Stephaniatetrandra) group,each group had ten rats.In the first day of the experiment,the rats in the other groups were given two points on the back,one point at the end of the tail,shaved and intradermally 0.1 mL of collagen Ⅱ (C Ⅱ).In the second day of the experiment,except for the normal group and disease model group,the other groups were reconstructed with the reconstructed artificial climate box for rheumatism and fever model for 11 days.On the 12th day of the experiment,0.1 mL of C Ⅱ emulsion was injected into the left hind paw of the plantar vein to further stimulateand then into the artificial climate box for rheumatoid fever model for 7 days.At the end of the model,the rats in each group were given the corresponding drug by 15 mL · kg-1;the normal group,the disease model group and the syndrome model gronp were given the same amount of saline once a day for 21 days.The first 39 days of the experiment,takingthe ankle joint,the degree of damage of ankle joint was observed by pathological staining with hematoxylin eosin (HE).The expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) protein in ankle jointwas determined by immunohistochemical method.The NF-κB expression was semi-quantitative analysis by Western blot.Results The expression of NF-κB protein in the disease model group and the syndrome model group was 170.57 ± 8.93 and 180.02 ± 6.93,respectively.Compared with the expression of NF-κB in the normal group of 105.08 ± 7.97,the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).And the syndrome model group was higher than the disease model group.After administration,compared with others drug groups,the expression of NF-κB protein was 112.37 ± 7.34 in Qinjiao + Fangji group statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the normal model group (0.41 ± 0.16),relative expression of NF-κB protein in the disease model group and the syndrome model group were 0.78 ± 0.12,1.08 ± 0.11,which was significantly higher than that in normal group,and the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the syndrome model group,the relative expression of NF-κB protein in Qinjiao + Fangji group was 0.53 ± 0.04,and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Different compatibility of Qinjiao may down expression of NF-κB to protect on RA,among then the combined effect of mild and cold traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is better than the combined effect of mild and warm TCM,the combined effect of mild and mild TCM.