Salinomycin ,extensively used as an antibiotic in animal husbandry for a long time ,has recently been found to possess strong anti-cancer and anti-cancer stem cell efficacy ,as well as activities to overcome multi-drug resistance of tumor based on studies in vivo and in vitro in case reports in pilot clinical trials .Therefore ,salinomycin promised to be a novel anti-cancer agent .However ,the unfavorable property of poor aqueous solubility and the adverse effects of salinomycin were greatly hinder its clinical use .In order to improve its therapeutic index and alleviate its toxicity ,studies on nanotechnology-based deliv-ery systems of salinomycin had been widely conducted .In this article ,the latest development and application of salinomycin nanoformulations were reviewed .

Objective To establish a HPLC method for the assay of sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) in tumor-bearing mouse plasma and to study its pharmacokinetics .Methods The column was Waters XBridge C18 (3 .0 mm × 100 mm ,3 .5μm) . Gradient elution was applied with mobile phase A as the mixture of acetonitrile-methanol (20:80) and B as the aqueous solu-tion of 1％ acetic acid and 0 .1％ triethylamine at flow rate 0 .7 ml/min .The detection wavelength was 380 nm .DVDMS was administrated to tumor-bearing mice by tail vein injection .The blood samples were collected at designated time and centrifuged for plasma .DVDMS in plasma samples were extracted by protein precipitation and analyzed by the HPLC method mentioned a-bove .Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 2 .0 with statistical moment analysis .Results DVDMS showed good linearity within the ranges of 70 .8-14160 ng/ml (r=0 .9998) .The main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated as follows :cmax = (24127 .59 ± 1415 .23) ng/ml ,tmax =0 .083 h ,t1/2 = (9 .59 ± 1 .25) h ,MRT0-∞ = (11 .77 ± 1 .73) h ,AUC0-∞ =(34775 .83 ± 6185 .43) h · ng/ml .Conclusion This HPLC method is sensitive ,rapid and accurate ,which can be used for a-nalysis and research of DVDMS in plasma samples of tumor-bearing mice .

During virus infection, viral RNAs and mRNAs function as blueprints for viral protein synthesis and possibly as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in innate immunity. Here, considering recent research progress in microRNAs (miRNAs) and competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), we speculate that viral RNAs act as sponges and can sequester endogenous miRNAs within infected cells, thus cross-regulating the stability and translational efficiency of host mRNAs with shared miRNA response elements. This cross-talk and these reciprocal interactions between viral RNAs and host mRNAs are termed "competitive viral and host RNAs" (cvhRNAs). We further provide recent experimental evidence for the existence of cvhRNAs networks in hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), lytic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections. In addition, the cvhRNA hypothesis also predicts possible cross-regulation between host and other viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV, influenza virus, human papillomaviruses (HPV). Since the interaction between miRNAs and viral RNAs also inevitably leads to repression of viral RNA function, we speculate that virus may evolve either to employ cvhRNA networks or to avoid miRNA targeting for optimal fitness within the host. CvhRNA networks may therefore play a fundamental role in the regulation of viral replication, infection establishment, and viral pathogenesis.
Animals ; DNA Viruses ; genetics ; physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; physiology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; metabolism ; RNA Viruses ; genetics ; physiology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; RNA, Viral ; metabolism ; Virus Diseases ; immunology ; physiopathology ; virology ; Virus Replication

Diabetic cognitive dysfunction （DCD） is one of the complications of diabetes， which is characterized by impaired brain structure and progressively decreased learning and memory ability. With the increasing incidence of diabetes worldwide， DCD has become a serious medical and social problem. However， its pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. The occurrence and development of DCD involve multiple pathological links and mechanisms， and the prevention and treatment require multi-link and multi-target therapeutic measures. At present， there is no specific drug to prevent or improve DCD. Hypoglycemic drugs such as metformin and vigagliptin or anti-dementia drug including Donepezil are commonly used in clinical treatment to delay the occurrence and progression of cognitive dysfunction， but these drugs have a single target and obvious side effects. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and central cognitive diseases， and it has many unique advantages such as multiple components， multiple targets， side effects， and low price. A large number of studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine has a significant prevention and treatment effect on DCD， which can improve insulin resistance， synaptic dysfunction， inflammation， oxidative stress， endoplasmic reticulum stress， and neuronal apoptosis by regulating phosphatidylin-ositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）， advanced glycation end products （AGEs）/advanced glycation end products receptor （RAGE）/nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB）， NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 （NLRP3） inflammasome， and endoplasmic reticulum stress and nuclear factor E₂ related factor 2 （Nrf2）/antioxidant response element （ARE） signaling pathways. This article reviewed the effects and related mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine on DCD in recent years， so as to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of DCD by traditional Chinese medicine.

ObjectiveTo characterize the chemical constituents of Dayuanyin based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS）. MethodThe detection was performed on a Thermo Acclaim™ RSLC 120 C₁₈ column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 2.2 μm）， the mobile phase was acetonitrile（A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution （0-7.5 min， 10%-19%A； 7.5-12 min， 19%-22.5%A； 12-23 min， 22.5%-27%A； 23-27 min， 27%-56%A； 27-35 min， 56%-84%A； 35-36 min， 84%-90%A）， the flow rate was 0.3 mL·min^-1， and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The data were collected in the positive and negative ion modes by heated electrospray ionization（HESI）， and the detection range was m/z 80-1 200. Combining the retention time of the reference substance， fragment ions， databases such as PubChem and related literature， Xcalibur 3.0 was used to identify the chemical constituents of Dayuanyin. ResultA total of 161 compounds were identified， including 14 alkaloids， 60 flavonoids， 16 terpenoids， 26 saponins， 18 phenylpropanoids， 16 organic acids and 11 others. ConclusionThe established method can effectively and quickly identify the chemical components in Dayuanyin， and clarify its chemical composition， which can provide a basis for the development of compound preparations of this famous classical formula.