Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is one of the most common agents of community-acquired pneumonia in children.MP has been reported in 10％ ～ 40％ of cases of community-acquired pneumonia and shows an even higher incidence during epidemics.MP infections display a spectrum of symptoms and signs,ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe and potentially fatal pneumonia or extrapulmonary manifestations.The pathogenesis of extrapulmonary manifestations remain largely unknown.This review classifies extrapulmonary manifestations due to MP infection into three categories:direct type,indirect type and vascular occlusion type.These manifestations include neurological,cardiac,hematological,dermatological and other symptoms.This article presents an overview of extrapulmonary manifestations and pathogenesis of MP infections in children to improve the comprehension for diagnosis.

Insect antifreeze protein (AFP) has high antifreeze activity. Antifreeze proteins can be used in cryopreservation of biological tissues and cells. We expressed an antifreeze protein from the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis in yeast and determined the function of the protein at low temperatures. Yeast expression vector, pPIC9K-Mpafp698, was constructed and transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115. The expression of MpAFP698 was induced by methanol, and identified by tricine SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Mpafp698 gene was inserted into the genome of the host yeast strain GS115, and correctly expressed. Hardly any yeast's own protein was secreted into the media. Cryoprotective experiments showed that MpAFP698 can significantly protect mouse liver as well as other mouse organs from cold damage compared with those in the control of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) addition. Besides, the hemolysis of blood cells protected by MpAFP698 at 4 degrees C was reduced and the survival rate of SF9 cells protected by MpAFP698 after freezing and thawing was increased compared to those of the control with BSA addition. Our results showed that MpAFP698 can be expressed in yeast, which allows a convenient purification of the MpAFP protein that has the cryoprotective effect.
Animals ; Antifreeze Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Blotting, Western ; Cold Temperature ; Coleoptera ; Cryoprotective Agents ; chemistry ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Freezing ; Insect Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Mice ; Pichia ; metabolism ; Sf9 Cells

OBJECTIVEA study was conducted to investigate the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) on the expression of regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and fractalkine in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

METHODSHUVECs were incubated with different concentrations of Pg-LPS (200, 500, and 1000 ng x mL(-1)) for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Then real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent method (ELISA) were adopted to detect the protein levels and mRNA levels of RANTES and fractalkine.

RESULTSThe RANTES protein levels and mRNA levels, as well as fractalkine mRNA levels, were significantly higher in all experimental groups of 1, 6, and 12 h than in the control group (P<0.05), except the expression of RANTES mRNA in 200 ng x mL(-1) group of 12 h and RANTES protein in 200 ng x mL(-1) group of 1 h. The expression levels of RANTES mRNA and fractalkine mRNA were highest in 1000 ng x mL(-1) group of 6 h and were 4.88- and 6.20-fold higher, respectively, than those in the control group. The expression levels of RANTES protein, mRNA, and fractalkine mRNA decreased 6 h after stimulation, and were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05) in the RANTES and fractalkine in HUVEC, and such expression is important in the development of atherosclerosis 500 ng x mL(-1) group of 24 h. There was a significant difference between the expression of fractalkine mRNA in 1000 ng x mL(-1) group of 6 and 12 h than in the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONPg-LPS infection might up-regulate the expression of RANTES and fractalkine in HUVEC, and such expression is important in the development of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemokine CCL5 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Chemokine CX3CL1 ; analysis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVENaringenin has been reported to attenuate Mucin (MUC) 5AC secretion in many pathological models. Many stimuli activate MUC5AC expression through JNK/AP-1 signaling pathways. We hypothesized that naringenin may have inhibitory effects on mucous hypersecretion by modulating MUC5AC production and inhibiting JNK/AP-1 signaling pathways.

METHODThe cell model of mucous hypersecretion was made by human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells stimulated by RSV. A549 cells were subcultured and then randomly divided into 7 groups, which were designated as group C (cell control group), groups R1-3 (cells were infected with RSV at the multiplication of infection (MOI) of 0. 5, 1. 0, 5. 0), groups N1-2 (cells infected with viruses in presence of Nar 30 - 100 mol/L), groups N3-4 (uninfected cells treated with Nar 30 - 100 µmol/L), group D (DMSO), group S (cells infected with viruses in presence of SP600125). After incubating for 24 hrs, the expression of MUC5AC at mRNA and protein level in the groups were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression changes of JNK, p-JNK and AP-1 were measured by Western blotting.

RESULTThe expressions of MUC5AC protein and mRNA in all RSV infected groups were significantly higher than that in group C in a dose-dependent manner (all P <0. 05). Nar of 30 and 100 µmol/L significantly and dose-dependently decreased RSV-induced secretion of MUC5AC protein in cell supernatant and expression of MUC5AC mRNA (P <0. 05). The relative content of p-JNK, AP-l in R2 groups were 3. 31 ± 0. 34 and 1. 94 ± 0. 05. Theyfrweremtgnificanty increased as compared with group C (both 1. 00 ± 0. 00) (all P <0. 05). The levels of p-JNK in N2 and S groups were 2. 10 ± 0. 20. 27 and 1.±97 ± 0. 16. The levels of AP-1 in N2 and S groups were 1. 40 ± 0. 03, 1. 36 ± 0. 05. Nar and SP600125 led to a largest decrease in levels of p-JNK and AP-1 when compared with group R2 (P <0. 05). The MUC5AC protein in group R2 was (48. 19 ± 0. 47) µg/L. The protein expression of MUC5AC in group R2 was significantly higher than that in group C [(36. 67 ± 1. 50) g/L] with a statistically significant difference (P <0. 05). The protein expression of MUC5AC in groups N2 and S were(43. 17 ± 1. 06) µg/L, (44.±02 ± 0. 99) µg/L, Nar and SP600125 remarkably inhibited RSV-induced secretion of MUC5AC in supernatant of A549 cells (P < 0. 05).

CONCLUSIONSNaringenin might be able to block RSV-induced mucous

Adenocarcinoma ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epithelial Cells ; Flavanones ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mucin 5AC ; secretion ; Mucus ; secretion ; Random Allocation ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factor AP-1 ; drug effects

Objective To investigate the level and influencing factors of self-efficacy among nurses with needlestick injuries and explore effective strategies to improve self-efficacy.Methods 713 clinical nurses with needlestick injuries had been enrolled by convenience and stratified sampling method to comphte the investigation using the self-designed demographic questionnaire and General Self-Efficacy Scale.Results The average score of the self-efficacy was (2.70 ±0.52) points.69.1％ of the needlestick injury nurses had the sclf-efficacy score at the middle level; only 19.1％ of them had a higher level score on self-efficacy.Gender,title,section,initiative report,work environment,and occupational safety training were identified as the influencing factors of the self-efficiency.Conclusions Even though more than half of the nurses with needlestick injuries had a middle level self-efficacy,they need further improvement.Other influencing factors should be explored in future in order to develop the corresponding management intervention which can strengthen the self-efficacy of nurses with needlestick injuries.

Objective To investigate the effects of transcutaneous electro acupuncture stimulation (TEA) on esophageal motility of patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (RGERD) by high resolution manometry (HRM),and to provide a new treatment option for RGERD.Methods From February 2014 to June 2015,a total of 45 patients with RGERD were enrolled.TEA instrument was used for electro acupuncture stimulation at the points of Zusanli and Neiguan.HRM was carried out before and after treatment.The changes of HRM parameters such as lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP),distal contractile integral (DCI),and amplitude of 3 cm,7 cm above lower esophageal sphincter (LES),esophageal body velocity and contractile front velocity (CFV) were also compared.The paired-samples t test was performed for statistical analysis.Results According to LESP value,45 patients were divided into low LESP group (10 patients) and normal LESP group (35 patients).According to parameter of esophageal motility function,patients were divided into esophageal dysmotility group (25 patients) and normal esophageal motility group (20 patients).After TEA treatment,the LESP of lower LESP group was (14.83± 4.17) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa),which was higher than that before treatment ((9.54 ±2.42) mmHg),and the difference was statistically significant (t=4.92,P=0.001).LESP of esophageal dysmotility group was (19.04±5.91) mmHg,which was higher than that before treatment ((16.20±6.09) mmHg),and the difference was statistically significant (t=4.92,P=0.001).There was no statistically significant difference in LESP of normal LESP group and normal esophageal motility group before and after treatment (both P＞0.05).After treatment,DCI of esophageal dysmotility group was (530.76±215.53) mmHg· cm· s,which was higher than that before treatment ((363.92 ± 279.17) mmHg · cm · s),and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.86,P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in esophageal body velocity,amplitude of 3 cm,7 cm above LES andCFV before and after treatment (all P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in all of the esophageal motility parameters in normal esophageal motility group before and after treatment (all P＞0.05).Conclusion TEA can increase LESP and DCI in RGERD patients with esophageal motility dysfunction,improve contraction of entire esophagus and raise esophageal clearance capacity.

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of hand-foot-mouth dis-ease(HFMD)outbreaks in kindergartens,so as to provide reference for control and prevention of HFMD. Methods Papers published between 2009 and 2015 about HFMD outbreaks in kindergartens were retrieved from Wanfang database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),then collected papers were analyzed. Results Data about 39 cases of HFMD outbreaks were obtained,35 cases occurred in 2008-2012,1 case occurred respectively in 2007,2013,2014,and 2015. 33.34% and 23.08% of outbreaks occurred in May and April. Out-breaks lasted 5-52 days,with a median of 11 days,30.77% of outbreaks lasted more than 2 weeks. The attack rates of the whole kindergartens were 1.90% -39.74% ,attack rates of whole kindergartens were 5% -15% a-mong 65.79% of outbreaks,attack rate of whole kindergartens was >20% among 13.16% of outbreaks. 85.71%of outbreaks involved more than 20% of classes,25.71% of which involved all classes. Both EV71 and CoxA16 caused HFMD outbreaks in kindergartens,two kinds of viruses were both detected in some outbreaks;there were no significant difference in attack rate of whole kindergartens,attack rate of classes with highest incidence,class in-volving rate,and duration of epidemic between EV71 and CoxA16 epidemic groups(all P>0.05).Conclusion Once an HFMD outbreak occurred in a kindergarten,epidemic intensity would be high,both EV71 and CoxA16 can cause HFMD outbreak. There is no obvious correlation between class size and attack rate.

Objective To study the quality and effect of root cause analysis (RCA) on long-range video EEG monitoring on epilepsy patients.Methods The process of RCA long-range video EEG monitoring on patients with epilepsy was investigated to find out the root causes for quality of epilepsy capturing from pseudo differential of EEG and video effects.Then the measures were taken to improve the quality of monitoring.Result After the intervention,except canmera not clear enough,the incidences were significantly decreased compared with pre-intervention (all P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Root cause analysis is effective in improving the quality of long-range video EEG monitoring on epilepsy patients.It is worth clinically promoting.

Implant surface modified coating can improve its osteoinductivity, about which simple calcium phosphate coating has been extensively studied. But it has slow osteointegration speed and poor antibacterial property, while other metal ions added, such as nano zinc ion, can compensate for these deficiencies. This paper describes the incorporation form, the effect on physical and chemical properties of the material and the antibacterial property of nano zinc, and summarizes the material's biological property given by calcium ion, zinc ion and inorganic phosphate (Pi), mainly focusing on the influence of these three inorganic ions on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, protein synthesis and matrix mineralization in order to present the positive function of zinc doped calcium phosphate in the field of bone formation.
Biocompatible Materials ; Calcium ; Calcium Phosphates ; chemistry ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Ions ; Metal Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; Osteogenesis ; Phosphates ; chemistry ; Zinc ; chemistry

Nitrites play multiple characteristic functions in invasion and metastasis of hepatic cancer cells, but the exact mechanism is not yet known. Cancer cells can maintain the malignant characteristics via clearance of excess mitochondria by mitophagy. The purpose of this article was to determine the roles of nitrite, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypoxia inducing factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 α) in mitophagy of hepatic cancer cells. After exposure of human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells to a serial concentrations of sodium nitrite for 24 h under normal oxygen, the maximal cell vitality was increased by 16 mg x (-1) sodium nitrite. In addition, the potentials of migration and invasion for SMMC-7721 cells were increased significantly at the same time. Furthermore, sodium nitrite exposure displayed an increase of stress fibers, lamellipodum and perinuclear mitochondrial distribution by cell staining with Actin-Tracker Green and Mito-Tracker Red, which was reversed by N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a reactive oxygen scavenger). DCFH-DA staining with fluorescent microscopy showed that the intracellular level of ROS concentration was increased by the sodium nitrite treatment. LC3 immunostaining and Western blot results showed that sodium nitrite enhanced cell autophagy flux. Under the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), more autolysosomes formed after sodium nitrite treatment and NAC could prevent autophagosome degradation. RT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of COX I and COXIV mRNA were decreased significantly after sodium nitrite treatment. Meanwhile, laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that sodium nitrite significantly reduced mitochondrial mass detected by Mito-Tracker Green staining. The expression levels of HIF-1α, Beclin-1 and Bnip3 (mitophagy marker molecular) increased remarkably after sodium nitrite treatment, which were reversed by NAC. Our results demonstrated that sodium nitrite (16 mg x L(-1)) increased the potentials of invasion and migration of hepatic cancer SMMC-7721 cells through induction of ROS and HIF-1α mediated mitophagy.