Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease caused by both genetic and environmental factors, it has a significant association with lifestyle. This paper mainly discusses the effects of diet, sleep, smoking,physical exercise, and lifestyle intervention that interact with genetics on diabetes.

Objective Through observing the effect of low-dose T-2 toxin on chondrocyte,to study the molecular mechanism of cartilage damage.Methods The primary chondrocytes were isolated from articular cartilage of d 1-2 Wistar neonate rats through enzymatic digestion.Different doses (0.005,0.010,0.100 μg/L) of T-2 toxin were added after 24 h in vitro culture.The survival rate of chondrocytes was detected with Trypan blue staining.Echylosis (matrix metalloproteinase,MMP1) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.The damage of articular chondrocyte was observed by transmission electron microscope.Results ①Cell morphology of in vitro cultured chondrocyte:the newly isolated chondrocytes were spherical.After 24 hours,the adherent cells gradually began to stretch the triangle or polygon;the nucleus was large and round;the cell was clear and transparent,containing secretory granules.②Cell proliferation:T-2 toxin had a significant inhibitory effect on chondrocyte proliferation,the higher the concentration of T-2 toxin,the significant the inhibitory effects [0.000 μg/L (control) group:3.45 × 108/L,0.005 μg/L T-2 toxin group:3.45 × 108/L,0.010 μg/L T-2 toxin group:2.06 × 108/L,x2 =9.554,P ＜ 0.05].③Immunohistochemical observation:dysplasia,nucleus condensation and membrane rupture were observed in T-2 toxin treated group,brown staining was observed in all groups at varying degrees.The deepest staining was in 0.005 μg/L T-2 toxin group,with the strongest secretion of MMP1;with increasing doses of the toxin,the damage to cartilage cells was severe,MMP1 secretion was less,staining was weak,and the weakest staining was in the 0.100 μg/L T-toxin group.④Under transmission electron microscopy:in control group,cytoplasm was rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum,nuclear membrane and cell membrane were clear;in 0.005 μg/L T-2 toxin group,the cell nucleus showed pyknosis,organelles were decreased in cytoplasm;in 0.100 μg/L T-2 toxin group,the microvilli was dropped out of cartilage surface,nuclear changes were obvious,and mitochondria was myeloid degeneration;rough endoplasmic reticulum was degranulation and expansion into cystiform,chondrocytes were apoptosis occasionally,the cell nucleus showed pyknosis,and the formation of high-density plaque.Conclusion Low dose of T-2 toxin could damage the primary cultured articular chondrocyte in vitro.The results have showed that there are damaged cytostasis,chondrocyte degeneration,necrosis and apoptosis.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family not only plays a role in bone formation,but is also involved in metabolic disease such as obesity and diabetes.The molecular structure,signal pathways,roles of BMP in regulating glycolipid metabolism,current situation and prospects in related diseases are mainly discussed.

With the development of cardiothoracic surgery, anesthesia, myocardial protection and in vitro technique, the management of congenital heart disease has gradually become younger and lower, and the nursing management of the postoperative system plays an important role. The purpose of this study was to analyze the causes of malnutrition in children with congenital heart disease<6 kg, the significance of postoperative enteral nutrition support, nutritional assessment, oral feeding and tube feeding. Postoperative enteral nutrition support in children with congenital heart disease provides the most appropriate and accurate care, reduce the incidence of complications, optimize their quality of life and postoperative outcome.

Objective To detect the mutation of A379,we develop a TaqMan fluorogenic probe based amplification refractory mutation system (TaqMan-ARMS) and investigate whether the A379V variant and activity of Lp-PLA2 are the risk factors for CAD.Methods According to the amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS-PCR)combined with a TaqMan fluorogenic probe,we established and evaluated the assay teehnique of TaqMan-ARMS for measuring the genotype of variant.At the same time,we tested the aetivity of Lp-PLA2 in 395 patients with coronary heartdisease and 396 controls,whose clinical information [ages,CHO,GLU,TG,HDL,LDL,Hs-CRP,Lp (a)] were collected.Date was analyzed by using Independent-samples t test,Chi-square test,One-Way ANOVA,Binary Logistic Regression.Results CAD group had significantly higher Lp-PLA2 activity than the controls(31.51 nmol · ml-1 · min-1 ＞21.31 nmol ·ml-1 · min-1,F =16.40,P ＜ 0.001).Comparing the highest quartile of Lp-PLA2 activitv to the bottom quartile,OR was 7.50 (95％ CI:2.34-24.05) after adjustment for various traditional cardiovascular risk factors,including ages,sex,CHO,TG,Hs-CRP,Lp (a) and GLU; the genotype VV of A379V was associated with higher risk of CAD (OR =2.95; 95％ CI:1.22-7.15,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The TaqMan-ARMS real time PCR technique is established to analyze A379V genotype.Lp-PLA2 activity is significantly higher in CAD group and is a risk factor for CAD; the genotype VV of A379V is also a risk factor for CAD.

OBJECTIVE To save rust remover's cost,reduce the material consuming and ensure the cleaning quality of the instruments by changing the work model.METHODS According to the key factors of the increasing cost of the medical rust remover,adjust the work model properly,that is to say,set up target by know about the problems;confirm the measurement data of the problems;analyze the problems and figure out key minority;make strategy to correct the mistakes;and make the controlling measures to ensure effective implementation.Enforce organization management,and remove the rust collectively and grouply by time,by ration and by certain number of people.RESULTS The rust remover cost had been saved greatly and the cleaning quality had been improved distinctly,the number of scrapped medical instrument had been reduced.Compared with the period before improvement,it had statistic significance on difference(P

OBJECTIVE To explore the two application methods of medical lubricant oil to avoid the high cost and secondary contamination problems.METHODS The spray and immersion methods of lubricant oil to maintain the medical equipment were adopted and compared its bacterial reproducing status after dilution and weekly oil cost.RESULTS The spray method was better than the immersion method,The bacterial reproduction was not found by the oil spray method for over 48 h and the weekly lubricant oil dosage was 200 ml,but in the immersion method the bacterial contamination rate was 100% at the sametime in its dilnted oil and the weekly lubricant oil dogase was 800ml.CONCLUSIONS For the manual method to wash the equipment,spray method can maintain the equipment to avoid the secondary contamination problem and save the lubricant oil dosage and cost.

Objective To investigate whether I198T gene polymorphisms and Lp-PLA2 activity were the risk factors of CAD.Methods A case-control study was conducted in 398 people with coronary heart disease and 396 controls whose ages and sex were matched with coronary heart disease from Peking University People's Hospital in October 2009 to May 2010.The Il98T gene polymorphisms were detected by the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) using TaqMan probe.Lp-PLA2 activity,CHO,GLU,TG,HDL,LDL,hs-CRP,Lp (a) were investigated at the same time.The data were analyzed by Independent-samples T Test,Chi-square test,One-Way ANOVA,Binary Logistic Regression.Results LpPLA2 activity was significant higer in CAD group than that in the control group (31.51 nmol · ml-1 · min-1＞21.31 nmol · ml-1 · min-1,F =16.40,P ＜0.05).Adjustment for various traditional cardiovascular risk factors,including ages,sex,CHO,TG,Hs-CRP,Lp(a),and GLU,quartiles of Lp-PLA2 activity were associated with risk of CVD with a OR of 7.5 (95％ CI:2.34-24.05) for comparison of the top to bottom quartile.Lp-PLA2 activity was the highest (22.68 nmol · ml-1 · min-1,P ＜ 0.05) in genotype Ⅱ and the lowest (11.35 nmol · ml-1 · min-1,P ＜ 0.05) in genotype TT,the association between I198T and coronary artery disease was not significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Lp-PLA2 activity was significantly higher in CAD group and was a risk factor for CAD.There was no significant association between I198T polymorphism and CAD.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical classification ,laboratory and imageological examinations of Wil‐son′s disease for strengthening the cognition on this disease and increasing the diagnosis rate .Methods The clinical data of the pa‐tients with WD in our hospital from January 2011 to September 2014 ,were collected and performed the statistical analysis .Results Among different ages ,nationalities and genders of WD patients ,first onset age ,clinical classification and laboratory examination had some difference ,the average age of first onset in male WD patients was earlier than that in female WD patients ,the low density shadow change of nervous type WD existed in MRI .Conclusion Heredity is not a unique factor affecting WD ,gender ,age and na‐tionality may be one of factors affecting the first onset age and clinical symptoms in the WD patients .

OBJECTIVE:To provide ideas for revise and improve the standard and related method of the quality control of ben-zalkonium chloride in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition,Ⅱ). METHODS:The standards and related methods of the quality control of benzalkonium chloride in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition,Ⅱ),British Pharmacopoeia(2013 edition),European Pharmacopoeia (7.0 edition) and United States Pharmacopoeia (36 edition) were comprehensively compared. RESULTS:Com-pared with Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition,Ⅱ),the standards abroad provided the component and the ratio of the benzalko-nium chloride substituted homolog,the method for ammonia compound test had higher sensibility,it also added the test for benzyl alcohol,benzaldehyde and benzyl chloride impurity,as well as the component ratio test and average relative molecular mass calcu-lation. CONCLUSIONS:The standard and related method of the quality control of benzalkonium chloride in Chinese Pharmacopoe-ia(2015 edition,Ⅱ)still need to be further improved.