Based upon the dissection findings of 60 cadavers (120 sides), the incidence of superior laryngeal nerve loop, connecting between cervical sympathetic chain and superior laryngeal nerve as well as its branches is 98.3%(118 out of 120 sides). In most cases, the loop connected the external laryngeal branch with the sympathetic chain. The shape of external laryngeal branch is looped, but not as traditional linear. The loop is one of the origins of thyroid nerve. The loop can be divided into three categories, the shape of the letter V, U and mixed, it can be subdivided into 5 types and 17 subtypes according to their morphological variations

Objective The localization of AQP4 was studied in the brain,especially,in the periventricular organs,such as ependyma,choroid plexues,area postrema(AP) and neurohypophysis,and telencephalon as well as two kinds of endocrine gland:pineal gland and adenohypophysis,so as to provide morphological basis for water transport and balance,the secretion and regulation mechanisms of endocrine gland in the brain. Methods Immunohistochemical staining techniques(LAB-SA,BCIP/NBT) were used. Results AQP4 was most abundantly expressed in the tissues directly contacting with CSF,including the cerebral pia mater,ependyma lining of ventricules and the aqueductal system and choroid plexues.Heavy express of AQP4 was also found in the perivascular glial processes of the brain tissue.In addition,AQP4 was also distributed to the pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus,granular cell layer and polymorphic cell layer of dentate gyrus,adenohypophysis(intermedius included) and pineal gland cells as well as the periventricular organs such as area postrema(AP) and neurohypophysis.Conclusion The localization of AQP4 indicates that AQP4 is involved in not only the transport and balance of water,electrolyte metabolism and the regulation of secretion of the endocrine gland,but also in the neuroendocrine activity of the hypothalamus.

Objective To study the relationship between the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and cerebral edema formation during the pathologic course of hemorrhagic cerebral edema. Methods The intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was established by infusing collagenase into rat caudate nucleus. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were respectively used to evaluate AQP4 mRNA and protein expression, and electronic microscopy and microangium perfusion were respectively used to observe the changes of the ultrastructural and local capillaries in perihematomal brain edema. Results As compared with the control group, there appeared a significant increase in AQP4 mRNA and protein expression on the edematous tissue at 6 hours in rats following ICH. AQP4 mRNA expression (optical density, A) was increased from 0.29 to 0.57 (P0.82, P s

Objective To investigate the rule of the aquaporin 4 (AQP 4) expression in the acute ischemic cerebral tissues, and to study the molecular biologic mechanism of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Methods Thirty six Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups randomly, including control group ( n = 12) and operation group ( n =24). The operation group was studied after the right middle cerebral artery was unilaterally occluded (MCAO) at an interval of 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h, respectively ( n =4 for each sub group). The operation process of the control group was the same as the operation group except MCAO. All rats in both groups were examined with DWI. The relative ADC (rADC), relative density (rd), and relative area (rs) of the biggest hyperintensity signal layer on DWI were measured. After that, the animals were sacrificed and perfused with the mixture solution consisting of TTC at different time intervals. The biggest layer of the ischemic cerebral tissues stained with TTC and corresponding to that of DWI was examined with immunochemistry and in situ hybridization. The AQP 4 expression AQP 4 (△S and ?) was measured with the Image Analyzer. Meanwhile, histologic examination was performed at each group. Results There was no significant change of the DWI and the pathology, as well as the AQP 4 expression in the control group. In the operation group, abnormal high intensity was found in DWI of ipsilateral MCA territory at 15 min after MCAO, and rADC value decreased quickly within 1 h after MCAO, while the AQP 4 expression, the rd DWI, and the rs DWI increased rapidly in the stage. With the progress of the time, the rADC value further decreased at 3 h, and then began increasing slowly till 24 h . But the AQP 4 expression (△S and ?) and the rd as well as the rs continuously increased slowly between 1 h and 6 h after MCAO, then they had an increasing peak except the rd. The AQP 4 expression, rd DWI, and rs DWI all showed positive linear relationship with time, presenting as 2 peaks and a plateau. The corresponding sequential pathologic changes were gradual increase of intracellular edema (

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Objective To define the expression of AQP4 in normal rat eyes at transcriptional and translational level, so as to provide morphological bases for the mechanisms of water transport in eyes. Methods Immunohistochemical SABC method and in situ hybridization were used to detect the expression and localization of AQP4 in normal rat eyes. Results The corneal epithelium, the iridal pigment epithelium cells, the nonpigment epithelium cells of ciliary body, the lens epithelium cells, the lens fiber cells, the outer nuclear layer cells, and the inner nuclear layer cells, the ganglion cells of the retina showed positive immunoreactivity of AQP4. The reactive substance was distributed in membrane but not in nuclei of all positive cells. The resuIts of in situ hybridization were identical with that of immuohistochemistry method. AQP4 mRNA could be detected in the cytoplasm of positive immunoreactive cells, however, nuclei were negative. Conclusion The results implied that AQP4 could coordinate with other AQP4 to play an important role in the secretion and regulation of aqueous humor, the maintenance of the diaphaneity of cornea and lens, the motivation and transmission of optesthesia.;

Objective To observe the distribution of aquaporin-4(AQP*!4) in brain tissue of intracerebral hemorrhagic rats, and its role in hemorrhagic brain edema.Methods The model of intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) was made by infusing collagenase into rat caudate nucleuses, the immunohistochemical method was used to observe the expression of AQP*!4 in brain tissue during different time after ICH in rats.Results The expression of AQP*!4 immunoreactive positive cell bodies were observed mainly in the perihematomal brain edema zone and astrocytes of cerebral cortex, periventricular zone, supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of ICH rats. AQP*!4 expression level elevated at 6 h and peaked at 72 h after ICH, and it was yet higher than control lever at 1 week after ICH.Conclusion AQP*!4 express increases strongly in the areas of a relevant relationship with the water metabolism. It can be concluded that AQP*!4 plays an important role in the development of brain edema after hemorrhage.

Objective To study the effect of Nimotop on the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cerebral infarction size after cerebral ischemic reperfusion (CIR) in rats.Methods CIR models were established by occluding unilateral middle cerebral arteries(MCA) of rats for 2 hours and then reperfused. The models were divided into 2 groups:Nimotop group and the saline control group,each group had CIR 6、12、24、48 and 72 h sub-groups. As soon as reperfusion,Nimotop or saline was abdominal abministrated(2 mg/kg weight) respectively per 12 h. Fluorophotometry and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect the permeability of BBB,the rate of infarction size was calculated by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride(TTC) dyeing.Results Following reperfusion,the permeability of BBB and the rate of cerebral infarction size were increased. The permeability of BBB had two peaks. The first peak took place at 12h after CIR. The second peak was at 48 h after CIR. These changes were more severe in Nimotop group than in saline group( P

Objective To investigate the expression changes of Ire1α and caspase-12 in rats with spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Fifty-five adult SD rats(250-300 g)were randomly divided into control group(re=5)and operation group(n=50).The spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion models were established and the neuronal apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL).The expressions of Ire1α and caspase-12 in spinal cord tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis at 1,4,8,16and 24 hours after ischemia-reperfusion.Results TUNEL staining showed that the number of apoptotic cells was gradually elevated with time.The expressions of Ire 1α and caspase-12 were increased at 1 hour after reperfusion,and peaked at 16 hours,but began to decline at 24 hours after reperfusion.The number of neurons with positive expressions of Irelaand caspase-12 was significantly higher than that of control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Ire 1α and caspase-12 synergistically participate in the neuronal apoptosis induced by the endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Objective To observe the effects of electro-acupuncture on the expression and inhibition of DNA binding protein 2 (Id2) and myelin basic protein (MBP),and to explore the mechanism of remyelinization after compressive spinal cord injury (CSCI) in rats.Methods Fifty-four SD rats were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group,and each was further subdivided into 3 time point subgroups:3,7 and 14 days.There were 9 rats in each subgroup.The CSCI models were made with a self-designed method.The acupuncture points Jiaji (EX-B2),bilateral Zusanli (ST36) and Taixi (KI3) were selected for treatment.Electro-acupuncture (continuous wave,2 Hz,1.5 V)was applied to the bilateral Zusanli (ST36) and Taixi (KI3) points.The control group received the injury but no treatment.The changes in the ultrastucture of the nerve fibers＇ white matter were de-termined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The alterations in the expression of MBP and Id2 were observed by double labeled immunofluorescence and Western blotting on the 3rd,7th and 14th day after the injury.Results TEM showed that the myelin sheaths in the control group had degenerated,swollen,and even broken down after CSCI.Changes to the myelin sheaths in the treatment group were milder than those in the control group.The immunofluorescence results showed the amount of Id2-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the control group to be (20 ±2) on the 3rd day after CSCI,becoming (16 ± 1) on the 14th day.The differences among the 3 control subgroups were not statistically significant.The amount of Id2-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the treatment group was (13 ± 1) on the 3rd day,reaching a minimum the 14th day.The differences among the 3 treatment groups were statistically significant.The differences compared with the control group at the same time points were also statistically significant.Western blotting showed that the expression of Id2 in the contrast and treatment groups was (1.12 ±0.12) and (0.67 ±0.01) respectively on the 3rd day after CSCI,and both decreased with time.The expression of Id2 in both groups reached their minima ((0.86 ±0.02) and (0.25 ±0.01) respectively) on the 14th day.The difference between the treatment groups and the contrast group was statistically significant at each time point.The expression of MBP in the contrast and treatment groups at day 3 was (0.44 ± 0.02) and (0.67 ± 0.04) respectively,and these increased with time.The expression of MBP in both groups peaked at the 14th day (at (0.95 ± 0.04) and (1.74 ± 0.09) respectively).These differences were again statistically significant.Conclusion Electro-acupuncture can regulate the expression of Id2 and MBP after CSCI.The down-regulation of Id2 which controls MBP negatively and the up-regulation of MBP may contribute to remyelination in the injured spinal cord.