Objective To investigate the distribution of genetic polymorphisms of human glutathione-S-transferase P1 and M1(GSTP1 and GSTM1) in Hakka population of Meizhou area in South China. Methods Co-amplifying GSTM1 and ?-Globin gene to detect the absence or presence of the GSTM1 gene, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) were used to identify the genotypes of GSTP1 gene,and the data were analyzed with SPSS10.0 software. Results The GSTP1 and GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms were examined in 512 samples. The frequency of null genotype of GSTM1 gene was 62.1%, while the frequency of GSTP1 A/A, GSTP1 A/G and GSTP1 G/G were 69.1%, 28.2% and 2.7% respectively, and the GSTP1 genetic polymorphism distribution was in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium rule. A significant difference was observed in GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms between drinkers and non-drinkers. The drinkers had higher frequency of absence GSTM1 gene. There was also a significant difference in the GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms between smoking group and non-smoking group. Compared with non-smokers, the smokers had a higher frequency of mutate genotype of GSTP1 gene and lower frequency of wild genotype. However there were no differences shown on the frequency of the GSTP1 genotypes in the aspect of cumulative tobacco consumption. Logistic regression analysis results showed that there was a weak association between the GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms and family history of hypertension. Conclusion There are significant differences in the GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms among different smoking status and in GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms between drinkers and non-drinkers. A weak association has been observed between the GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms and family history of hypertension.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the associations of genetic polymorphisms in GSTs genes of the Hakka population of south China with family histories of certain chronic diseases.

METHODSFive hundred and thirty-nine healthy Hakka natives of Meizhou city of Guangdong province in south China were involved. The genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSTM3, and GSTA1 were determined using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The observed polymorphisms were analyzed by Chi-square and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations of the distributions of GST genotypes with family history of certain chronic diseases.

RESULTSThe distributions of polymorphisms in GSTP1, GSTM3, and GSTA1 conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Compared to the Cantonese, the Hakka had a lower distribution of the GSTM3 deletion genotype (3.15% vs. 11.9%). A weak association was observed between the GSTM1 genetic polymorphism and family history of hypertension. Alcohol drinkers had a higher frequency of the null-GSTM1 genotype, while smokers had a higher frequency of a variant GSTP1 genotype.

CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that the Hakka is a special and distinctive Han Chinese ethnic group with different GSTs genetic polymorphisms. Smoking and drinking might be related to the distribution of GST genotypes.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alcohol Drinking ; genetics ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; ethnology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Glutathione Transferase ; genetics ; Humans ; Hypertension ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Smoking ; genetics ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To observe the early adverse effect index caused by short-term-repeated exposure to cadmium chloride via oral perfusion in male rats. METHODS: Forty specific pathogen free healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group,low-,middle-and high-dose groups. The rats of low-,middle-and high-dose groups were treated with cadmium chloride 1. 11,3. 51 and 11. 06 mg/kg body weight,respectively,and the control group rats was treated with the same volume of ultra pure water,by gavage once a day for four weeks. During the experimental duration,the body weights of the rats were taken and activity status of the rats was observed. After the experiment,the rats were executed,and some indicators of main organ coefficients,blood routine,serum biochemical indexes,urine related effect indexes and bone mineral density were measured. RESULTS: During the experimental duration,rats of high-dose group showed the symptoms such as decreased activity,increase repose,move slowly and skin duller. Comparing with control group at the same time points,the body masses of the high-dose group of the 1-4 weeks were lower(P < 0. 05).After the experiment,comparing with control group,the weights of kidney and spleen of the high-dose group decreased significantly(P < 0. 05) and the liver coefficient increased significantly(P < 0. 05). The cadmium levels in blood,urine,liver,kidney and thighbone of the middle-and high-dose groups were higher than those of the control group(P < 0. 05).The red blood cell counts of the low-and middle-dose groups increased significantly(P < 0. 05). The level of hemoglobin of middle-and high-dose groups decreased(P < 0. 05),and the activity of alanine aminotransferase in high-dose groups increased significantly(P < 0. 05). Comparing with control group,the levels of urine α_1-microglobulin and urine β_2-microglobulin in urine of the middle-dose group were decreased(P < 0. 05) and the level of urine urea nitrogen increased(P < 0. 05),but there were no significantly changes of the above three indexes in the high-dose group(P >0. 05). There were no significant difference of the levels of N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase in urine between control and treatment groups(P > 0. 05). Simultaneously,in high-dose group,the weight of thighbone,the bone calcium content and bone mineral density reduced significantly than those of the control group(P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: Skeletal effects can be used as an early toxic effect sensitive index of short-term-repeated experiments exposure to cadmium chloride via oral perfusion in male rats.