The incompatibility of traditional Chinese medicines is related to the clinical medication safety, so has attracted wide attentions from the public. With the deepening of studies on the incompatibility of traditional Chinese medicines represented by 18 incompatible herbs, the incompatibility of theory traditional Chinese medicines has raised to new heights. From the origin of incompatibility theory of traditional Chinese medicines, relationship of herbs, harms of incompatible herbs and principle of prevention to toxic effects of specific incompatible medicines, the innovation and development of the traditional Chinese medicine incompatibility theory was explored. Structurally, the incompatibility of traditional Chinese medicines refers to the opposition of two herbs based on seven emotions and clinical experience. The combination of incompatible herbs may lead to human harms, especially latent harm and inefficacy of intervention medicines. The avoidance of the combination of incompatible herbs and the consideration of both symptoms and drug efficacy are the basic method to prevent adverse reactions. The recent studies have revealed five characteristics of incompatible herbs. Toxicity potentiation, toxication, efficacy reduction and inefficacy are the four manifestations of the incompatible relations. The material changes can reflect the effects of toxicity potentiation and toxication of opposite herbs. The accumulation of toxicity and metabolic changes are the basis for latent harms. The antagonistic effect of main efficacies and the coexistence of positive and negative effects are the distinctive part of the incompatibility. The connotation of incompatible herbs plays an important role in the innovation of the traditional Chinese medicine incompatibility theory.
Drug Incompatibility ; Drug Therapy ; history ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; history ; pharmacology ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

In order to test the equilibrium solubility of puerarin in different solvents and solubilizer,cilia toxicity and irritation of these excipient, the balance method, toad in the ciliary body toxicity and rat nasal mucosa irritation were used respectively. Results showed that puerarin solubility was 56.44 g x L(-1) in combined solvent of 30% PEG200 and 10% Kolliphor HS 15. With normal saline solution as negative control and sodium deoxycholate as positive control, the effects of 30% PEG200, 30% PEG 400, 10% Kolliphor HS 15 and combination of 30% of PEG200 and 10% Kolliphor HS 15 on toad palate cilium were observed and cilia movement duration was recorded. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in cilia movement duration among 30% PEG200, 10% Kolliphor HS 15 and normal saline group. The rats long-term nasal mucous membrane irritation of 30% PEG 400, 10% Kolliphor HS 15, which had no cilia toxicity, was studied, with normal saline solution as negative control. There were no significant difference revealed on rat nasal mucosa epithelial thickness among 30% PEG 400, 10% Kolliphor HS 15 and normal saline. Above researches showed 30% PEG 400, 10% Kolliphor HS 15 was ideal for solubility of puerarin nasal drops and showed a lower cilia toxicity and irritation, and can be used as the solvent and solubilizer of puerarin nasal drops.
Administration, Intranasal ; methods ; Animals ; Anura ; Cilia ; chemistry ; Female ; Isoflavones ; chemistry ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Solubility ; Solvents ; chemistry

The aim of the paper is to reveals the variations of Dendrobium officinale amino acids in different strains and parts for breeding excellent varieties, and providing scientific basis for the expanding of medicinal or edible parts. The contents of 17 amino acids in 11 strains of D. officinale were determined by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis method. The total amino acids content of leaves was from 6.76 to 7.97 g per 100 g, and the stems was from 1.61 to 2.44 g per 100 g. As the content of amino acids in leaves was significantly higher than that of stems, and the composition was close to the ideal protein standard proposed by FAO/WHO. The leaves of D. officinale had the good prospect for the development of functional foods. The 9 x 66 strain which with high yield and polysaccharide content had the highest amino acids content both in stems and leaves, indicated crossbreeding could improve the quality of varieties. Compared the amino acids content of D. officinale in two main harvest periods, the harvest time has a significant impact on amino acids content of D. officinale. This study demonstrates that the harvesting time of D. officinale stems is suitable for leaves as well, which is the period before bolssom.
Amino Acids ; chemistry ; Dendrobium ; chemistry ; classification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; classification

Objective To construct the risk model for healthcare-associated infection (HAI)with multidrug-re-sistant organisms(MDROs)in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods 836 patients who were admitted to ICU for more than 48 hours between October 2012 and September 2015 were analyzed retrospectively,logistic regression model of HAI was constructed,the model was conducted goodness of fit tests and the area under ROC curve analysis. Results Among 836 patients,incidence of HAI with MDROs was 14.23%(n=119).15 variables that were statis-tically significant in univariate analysis were included in logistic multivariate analysis,the results showed that the following variables entered into logistic regression equation:length of ICU stay (OR,2.493 [95%CI ,1 .816 -3.494]),underlying diseases (OR,1 .536 [95%CI ,1 .243 - 1 .898 ]),hypoproteinemia (OR,87.211 [95%CI , 36.165-210.304]),ventilator days (OR,1 .723 [95%CI ,1 .399-2.121 ]),fever(OR,20.639 [95%CI ,3.462 -123.043]),and primary pulmonary infection (OR,0.295 [95%CI ,0.133 -0.664]).Evaluation of model effect:sensitivity 95%,specificity 87.9%,the area under ROC curve 0.973.Conclusion Logistic regression model has a high goodness of fit in predicting HAI among ICU patients.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical therapeutic effect of Qingre Cuochuang tablet (QCT) in treating female delayed acne vulgaris (FDAV, with patients age more than 25 years old), to evaluate objectively the sexual hormone in patients and to assess the effect of QCT on sexual hormone.

METHODSSixty FDAV patients were randomly divided into the treated group (n = 40) and the control group (n = 20), they were treated with QCT and western medicine (including antisterone, tetracycline and metronidazole) respectively. Besides, 10 healthy female subjects aged > or = 25 years were selected as normal control. Serum levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in all patients and healthy subjects as well as the clinical therapeutic effect of the treatments were observed and compared.

RESULTSThe total effective rate in the treated group and the control group was 92.5% and 90.0% respectively, comparison between them showed insignificant difference. Serum level of T in the patients before treatment were higher than that in healthy subjects (P < 0.01), and showed no difference between the treated group and the control group. After treatment, it lowered significantly in the treated group (P < 0.01), but unchanged in the control group, E2 level showed no significant change in both groups before and after treatment.

CONCLUSIONQCT has definite clinical effect in treating FDAV, it could lower the serum level of T and with few adverse reaction.

Acne Vulgaris ; blood ; drug therapy ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Estradiol ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Phytotherapy ; Tablets ; Testosterone ; blood

The combination of Danggui and Honghua (GH) is a popular herb pair commonly used in clinic for the treatment of blood stasis syndrome in China. To evaluate the activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effects of the combination of different proportions of Danggui and Honghua on acute blood stasis rats, and optimize the proportion of GH to have the best activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effect. Acute blood stasis rat model was induced by subcutaneous injection of adrenaline and ice water bath. The blood stasis rats were administrated intragastrically with GH (1 : 0, 4 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 3, 1: 2, 1 : 4 and 0 : 1) extracts. The whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV), and high shear whole blood relative index (HSWBRI), low shear whole blood relative index (LSWBRI), and erythrocyte aggregation index (EAI) were tested to observe the effects of GH on hemorheology of blood stasis rats. And the maximum aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was tested to observe the effect of GH on platelet aggregation index of blood stasis rats. In addition, the prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and plasma fibrinogen (FIB) were tested to observe the effects of GH on blood coagulation function of blood stasis rats. Then principal component analysis and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods were both used to comprehensively evaluate the total activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effects of GH. The results showed that the hemorheological indexes and coagulation parameters of model group both had significant differences with normal group. Compared with model group, GH (1 : 0, 4 : 1, 2: 1, 3 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 3, 1 : 2, 1 : 4 and 0 : 1) could improve all the blood hemorheology indexes and regulate part indexes of blood coagulation function and platelet aggregation in acute blood stasis rats. Based on principal component analysis and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods, GH 1 : 1 and GH 3 : 2 both had the best effect of blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis, and the effect of GH 1 : 1 was slightly better than GH 3 : 2. These results suggest that GH could obviously ameliorate the abnormality of hemorheology and blood coagulation function in acute blood stasis rats. The optimized proportion of GH was consistent with regulations of medicine usage that GH 1 : 1 had the highest frequency used in traditional Chinese formulae. It could provide scientific basis for more effective application of the compatibility between Danggui and Honghua in modern clinic medicine.
Animals ; Blood Coagulation ; Blood Viscosity ; Carthamus tinctorius ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Erythrocyte Aggregation ; Hemorheology ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Platelet Aggregation ; Principal Component Analysis ; Prothrombin Time ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thrombin Time

OBJECTIVETo study the therapeutical effects of Shuangshen Ningxin capsule on miniature swine after myocardial ischemia by intervention.

METHODMyocardial ischemic model miniature swine induced by self-thrombus via cardiac catheter in left anteriar descending coronary artery (LAD), were administrated Shuangshen Ningxin capsule for 6 days. The changes of coronary arteriography, hemodynamics, biochemistry and pathohistology were observed.

RESULT6 days after modeling, LAD in myocardial ischemic miniature swine was basically embolized, cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), left cardiac work (LCW) and left cardiac work index (LCWI) obviously lowed, and pathohistological analysis revealed myocardial degeneration, necrosis, fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. After being administered with shuangshen Ningxin capsule 6 days, the degree of self-thrombus blocked LAD reduced, hemodynamic indexes of CO, CI, LCW, LCWI and blood plasm superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were lowed. on the same time, pathohistological degeneration and necrosis reduced.

CONCLUSIONShuangshen Ningxin capsule has anti-myocardial ischemia effect by improving cardiac muscle systolic function, increasing left cardiac work, inhibiting cardiac muscle cellular membrane lipid peroxidation.

Animals ; Capsules ; Cardiac Output ; drug effects ; Cardiotonic Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; drug effects ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Myocardial Contraction ; drug effects ; Myocardial Ischemia ; blood ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature ; Vascular Resistance ; drug effects

In order to evaluate the effect and mechanism of the mulberry leaf alkaloid, flavones, and polysaccharide intervention on diabetes, the overall metabolite profiling characteristics for the plasma of diabetic mouse was performed by using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). The 8 potential biomarkers were found in diabetic mice plasma based on the data of MS/MS characteristics obtained from the UPLC-OrbitrapMS analysis, which mainly involved in sphingolipids, amino acid metabolic pathway. The principal component analysis showed that the normal group and model group were obviously distinguished and implied that metabolic disturbance was happened in diabetic mice plasma. The extracts of mulberry leaf flavonoids, polysaccharide, alkaloid had exhibited the effects of callback function for diabetic mice through regulating the amino acid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism.
Alkaloids ; chemistry ; Amino Acids ; metabolism ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; drug therapy ; Flavones ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Metabolomics ; Mice ; Morus ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Sphingolipids ; metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety and therapeutic effect of high-dose daunorubicin-based (HD-DNR) chemotherapy in the treatment of acute leukemia (AL).

METHODSThe clinical data of 25 AL patients, including 14 cases for induction chemotherapy, 8 for consolidation chemotherapy and 3 for reinduction therapy, which were treated with HD- DNR (DNR dosage of 90 mg/m(2)× 3 d) between June 2010 and August 2012 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed, the adverse reaction of chemotherapy, especially cardiac toxicity and therapeutic effect were evaluated.

RESULTSMost of the adverse reactions were mild, including cardiac toxicity, and no patient discontinued therapy because of HD-DNR related toxicities. Grade 3 or higher adverse reactions occurred only in the infection (56%) and diarrhea (12%). Withdrawal or dose reduction due to strong adverse reactions was not observed in all patients. Adverse reactions of infections (92%), lower ejection fraction(52.6%), diarrhea (48%), nausea (36%), vomiting (36%), dental ulcer (36%) and myocardial ischemia (32%) were relatively more common. The median time of neutrophil count reached to ≥ 0.5 × 10(9)/L and platelet ≥ 20 × 10(9)/L were both 21 days(ranged 9-31 and 9-38 days). Nine patients were complicated with infections before chemotherapy and 14 after chemotherapy, mainly occurred in gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system. Gastrointestinal, liver and kidney toxicity was slight. The cardiac ejection decreased in 10 cases, but only 1 reached grade 2 without clinical symptoms. Of the 14 AL patients for induction chemotherapy, 13 achieved hematological complete remission. Eight patients received HD-DNR as consolidation chemotherapy remained complete remission, while 3 refractory/relapsed patients remained non-remission.

CONCLUSIONThe adverse reaction of HD-DNR based chemotherapy for AL treatment was mild, no obvious cardiac adverse reaction occurred. The treatment dose of DNR at 90 mg/m(2) × 3 d can be safely and effectively used to treat acute leukemia.

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Daunorubicin ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Leukemia ; drug therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the regulatory effect of microRNA-221 (MIR221) on CDKN1C/p57 expression in colon carcinoma cells in vitro.

METHODSCaco2 cells were treated with or without anti-p57-siRNA prior to the addition of pre-MIR221 or anti-MIR221. The MIR221 expression pattern was detected by real-time RT-PCR, and the mRNA and protein levels of CDKN1C/p57 expression were detected using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Caco2 cell proliferation following the treatment was detected with MTT assay. CDKN1C/p57 3'-UTR fragment was amplified by PCR from the genome DNA of human colon and inserted into a luciferase reporter plasmid. The luciferase reporter plasmid construct was then transfected into Caco2 cells along with pre-MIR221 or anti-MIR221, and the luciferase activity in the transfected cells was detected.

RESULTSMIR221-specific inhibitor significantly up-regulated CDKN1C/p57 protein expression in Caco2 cells (P<0.01). Anti-MIR221 could markedly inhibit Caco2 cell proliferation, and the inhibitory effect was obviously abolished by pretreatment with anti-p57-siRNA, suggesting that the inhibition was mediated by CDKN1C/p57 (P<0.01). A significant increase of luciferase activity was detected in Caco2 cells co-transfected with the luciferase reporter plasmid construct and anti-MIR221 (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSMIR221 can interact with the target site on the 3'-UTR of CDKN1C/p57 mRNA to inhibit CDKN1C/p57 expression by post-transcriptional gene silencing to promote colon carcinoma cell proliferation, suggesting the value of MIR221 as a potential target for treatment of colon carcinoma.

3' Untranslated Regions ; Caco-2 Cells ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism