Objective:To investigate the relationship between serum retinol binding protein (RBP), stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DKD).Methods:The patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) admitted to Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College from October 2017 to October 2020 were prospectively selected, 438 patients were divided into simple T2DM group ( n=276)and DKD group( n=162) according to the presence or absence of DKD, according to the ratio of urinary albinin/creatinine (UACR) were divided into normal( n=25), microalbuminuria ( n=75) and macroalbuminuria group ( n=62), according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were divided into G1 stage ( n=28), G2 stage ( n=27), G3A + G3B stage ( n=35), G4 stage ( n=39)and G5 stages( n=33). The relationship between RBP, SDF-1 and renal function index UACR, serum uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), β 2-microglobulin (β 2-MG) and serum creatinine (Scr) was analyzed. Measurement data of normal distribution were expressed as Mean± standard deviation ( Mean± SD). Independent sample t-test was used for comparison between two groups, and one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups.Chi-square test was used to compare the enumeration data between groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze the discriminant value of RBP and SDF-1 for DKD. Pearson was used for correlation analysis among indicators. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of RBP. Results:In the DKD group, the duration of diabetes was longer, the levels of RBP, UACR, UA, BUN, β 2-MG, Scr were high, SDF-1 and eGFR were lower, with statistically significant differences compared with the simple T2DM group( P<0.05).The areas under the curve of RBP and SDF-1 to distinguish DKD were 0.903 and 0.868, and the optimal cut-off values was 70.71 mg/L and 5.69 ng/mL. With the increase of urinary albumin and clinical stage, the levels of RBP, UACR, UA, BUN, β 2-MG, Scr increased gradually, while SDF-1 and eGFR decreased gradually, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05).RBP was positively correlated with UACR, UA, BUN, β 2-MG and Scr in DKD patients ( r=0.764, 0.787, 0.693, 0.577, 0.801, P<0.000 1), and negatively correlated with EGFR ( r=-0.782, P<0.000 1). SDF-1 was negatively correlated with UACR, UA, BUN, β 2-MG and Scr ( r=-0.744, -0.794, -0.666, -0.605, -0.820, P<0.000 1), and positively correlated with EGFR ( r=0.767, P<0.000 1). The multiple linear regression equation was RBP=29.852+ 0.007UACR+ 0.101UA+ 0.497BUN+ 0.034Scr-0.083eGFR ( P<0.001). Conclusion:RBP and SDF-1 have certain discriminant value for DKD patients in T2DM population, and the degree of DKD renal function injury is positively correlated with RBP and negatively correlated with SDF-1, the increase of UACR, UA, BUN, Scr and the decrease of eGFR are risk factors for the increase of RBP.

To reveal the variation of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extract contents of Dendrobium officinale, the polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts contents of three D. officinale strains were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method and hot-dip method, respectively. The results showed that the contents of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts and their total content were significantly different among D. officinale samples collected in different periods, and the variations were closely related to the phenology of D. officinale. Additionally, the quality variation of polysaccharides was closely related to the flowering of D. officinale, while the alcohol-soluble extracts was closely associated to the formation and germination of buds. According to the dynamic variation of these two compounds, it is more reasonable to harvest D. officinale at biennials pre-bloom than at specific harvesting month considering polysaccharides content. It is better to harvest before the germination of buds considering alcohol-soluble extracts. While with regards to both polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extract, it is better to harvest this plant at the period from the sprouting to pre-bloom next year.
Dendrobium ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; Polysaccharides ; isolation & purification

Objective To compare Luminex vs.ELISA methods in detecting HLA antibodies in kidney transplant recipients and their relation to acute rejection.Method Blood samples from 34 kidney transplant recipients were collected and the HLA antibodies were detected by both Luminex and ELISA methods.The sensitivity and specificity of both methods for predicting the development of acute rejection were analyzed.Results Fourteen recipients (14/34,41.17％) positive for HLA class Ⅰ antibodies were detected by using Luminex method,whereas only 1 case (1/34,2.9％) was detected with positive HLA class Ⅰ antibodies by ELISA method (P＜0.05).Similarly,13 recipients (13/34,38.24％) positive for HLA class Ⅱ antibodies were detected by using Luminex method,whereas the positive rate of HLA class Ⅱ antibodies by using ELISA method was 8.8％ (3/34,P＜0.05).The sensitivity and specificity of Luminex method for predicting the acute rejection were 80％ and 92.3％ respectively,in comparison to 30％ and 77.4％ respectively by ELISA method.Conclusion Compared to the traditional ELISA-based method,Luminex method has a better sensitivity and specificity for predicting the development of acute rejection.

Objective To detect de novo development of anti-HLA antibodies after renal transplantation, and to investigate their influence on graft function. Methods 384 kidney recipients,who were negative for anti-HLA antibody before transplantation, were monitored for anti-HLA antibodies over a period of 3-96 months, and a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect anti-HLA antibodies. HLA antibody ＞10 % was defined as positive levels. Results Among 384 recipients tested, 318 recipients (82. 8 %) were negative for anti-HLA antibody after transplantation; 66 recipients (17. 2 %) developed de novo HLA antibodies, 3 recipients with HLA class Ⅰ, 61 with HLA class Ⅱ, 2 with both HLA class Ⅰ and Ⅱ. According to amino acid residue matching, 7 cases developed de novo antibodies among 92 recipients with 0 HLA-DR mismatches,compared with 59 cases among 292 recipients with 1-2 mismatches, which showed significant difference between two groups (P＜0. 01 ). 87. 4 % (278/318) recipients negative for HLA antibodies after transplantation achieved good graft function, in comparison with 65. 2 % (43/66) recipients positive for HLA antibodies (P＜0. 05). Conclusion De novo production of HLA antibodies posttransplantation may be closely associated with HLA-DR mismatch. De novo HLA antibodies posttransplantation might damage graft function and reduce graft survival rate. The detection of de novo development of anti-HLA antibodies after renal transplantation has clinical significance for assessing renal allograft function.

Objective To investigate the potential mechanism for symptoms related to epigastric discomfort in patients without Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection.Methods Patients who underwent gastric endoscopy and conformed H.pylori negative by histologic examination were enrolled.Among them,232 adult patients were collected between August 2006 and November 2006 and 31 children were collected between September 2005 and August 2009.All patients showed no apparent abnormality by endoscopic examination.The endoscopic biopsy was examined with HE or Warthin-Starry staining.Results In adult group,arteriole obstruction was found in 16 (8.8%) cases and focal haemorrhage in 82 (45.6%) cases.Both were existed in 82 (45.6%) cases.The histopathologic findings showed that arteriole obstruction in transition zone (65.2 %,P = 0.159) was common,whereas the focal haemorrhage in gastric fundus and corpus (65.6%,P=0.001) was in predominance.The symptom of heartburn was less in patients with arteriole obstruction and/or focal haemorrhage in comparison with those without these changes (x2 =8.564,P=0.003).In adolescent group,arteriole obstruction and/or focal haemorrhage accounted for 96.8% (30/31).Conclusion Gastric mucosa ischemic resulted from arteriole obstruction are commonly seen in both adult and adolescent patients,which is an important reason for epigastric discomfort in H.pylori negative patients.

Objective Collagenous gastritis is a rare entity, characterized by the deposition of a subepithelial collagen band with an inflammatory infiltrate in the mucosa.This report describes the first case of collagenous gastritis occurring in a young Chinese woman and reviews the literatures.Methods The patient underwent the gastroscopy screening, and the biopsy specimens were treated with HE staining, Masson staining, Congo red staining and Warthin-Starry staining.Patients' clinical data was discussed and followed up.Results A twenty-year-old girl had intermittent epigastric pain for 4 years, abdominal distention, hiccup and weight loss for two months.The gastric endoscopy revealed diffuse white nodular appearance of the mucosa in angular incisure and antrum.Pathologic examination of the gastric biopsies from the antrum and angular showed a subepithelial collagen deposition with moderate infiltrates of lymphoplasma cells and eosinophils of the lamina propria.The collagen band measured up to 120.3 μm (mean 43.8 μm).Prednisone 20 mg/d for 4 weeks led to clinical remission and weight gain.Conclusion There are about 40 cases in literatures to date, and the cause and pathogenesis of collagenous gastritis remain unknown.According to the clinical and pathological characteristics, the patient in this article is the subtype of collagenous gastritis that occurring in children and young adults.Specific therapy has not been established, the gluten-free diet and glucocorticosteroid may be helpful to relieve symptoms in collagenous gastritis patients.

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for studying efficacious materials of traditional Chinese medicines from an overall perspective.

METHODCarthamus tinctorius was taken the example. Its major components were depleted by preparing liquid chromatography. Afterwards, the samples with major components depleted were evaluated for their antioxidant effect, so as to compare and analyze the major efficacious materials of C. tinctorius with antioxidant activity and the contributions.

RESULTSeven major components were depleted from C. tinctorius samples, and six of them were identified with MS data and control comparison. After all of the samples including depleted materials are compared and evaluated for their antioxidant effect, the findings showed that hydroxysafflor yellow A, anhydrosafflor yellow B and 6-hydroxykaempferol-3, 6-di-O-glucoside-7-O-glucuronide were the major efficacious materials.

CONCLUSIONThis study explored a novel and effective method for studying efficacious materials of traditional Chinese medicines. Through this method, we could explain the direct and indirect contributions of different components to the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines, and make the efficacious material expression of traditional Chinese medicines clearer.

Alkalies ; chemistry ; Antioxidants ; chemistry ; Carthamus tinctorius ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between genotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans (Sm) and deciduous teeth caries in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.

METHODSIsolates of Sm were obtained from 17 caries-free and 17 caries-active Uygur preschool children aged from 3 to 5 years. A total of 143 isolates were subcultured, biochemically characterised and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as Sm and Streptococcus sobrinus (Ss). Then the Sm isolates were genotyped by arbitrarily primed-PCR (AP-PCR).

RESULTSA total of 81 Sm isolates from caries-active subjects and 62 isolates from caries-free subjects were identified by PCR and forty distinct genotypes identified from 143 clinical isolates. In seventeen caries-active group, 9 children had only 1 genotype, 5 children had 2 genotypes, 3 children had 3 genotypes. In seventeen caries-free group, 14 children had only 1 genotype, 3 children had more than 2 genotypes. The Spearman correlation test showed a strong association between genotypic diversity and caries experience (r = 0.342, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIsolates of Sm in caries-active Uygur preschool children show apparent more genetic diversity than those in caries-free children. The genotypes of isolates might be related to differences in caries susceptibility.

Child, Preschool ; China ; ethnology ; Dental Caries ; ethnology ; microbiology ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Streptococcus mutans ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Streptococcus sobrinus ; isolation & purification

Objective To analyze the situation of the hospital humanistic caring in our country and provide a reference for the later humanistic nursing practice and research.Methods Relevant literature were searched in Chinese Biomedical Database,Wanfang Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure from their establishment to June 2016 and analyzed with bibliometric methods.Results A total of 181 studies were included.The data analysis showed an increasing trend since 2004.Humanistic nursing was more applied to the vast general hospitals in the eastern coastal region of China(60%,108/181).Besides,the humanistic nursing researches were mainly in single department.Of the total,random control trial accounted for the most substantial proportion(61%,111/181).40%of the researchers considered the human environment,psychological care and communication as the most crucial humanistic nursing measures.Assessment index including satisfaction,psychology was mostly used to evaluate the effect of these measures.Conclusions Humanistic nursing is practiced widely.However,there are still some problems in the research methods.There are no standards of practice and evaluation,so these need to be further explored.

Medical education after graduation is the necessary step for each medical graduate to become an independent practitioner. The present medical education system or standardized residency training system in China is similar to that of the United States and Canada. This system is designed to ensure that all trained physicians are competent in practicing medicine in their trained medical specialties. The article briefly summarizes the current status of the pediatric residency and neonatal-perinatal medicine fellowship training system in the United States. The critical roles of the American Board of Pediatrics and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education are also presented.