Objective To describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of spinal infections to assist the clinical diagnosis and treatment .Methods Clinical data of all cases with spinal infections at He′nan Provincial People′s Hospital from January 2010 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively . The demographic characteristics , risk factors , clinical characteristics and outcomes were evaluated . Variables were compared by t‐test ,chi‐square test or Fisher exact test when appropriate .Results Totally 231 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were reviewed ,of which 179 (77 .5% ) were pyogenic spinal infection (PSI) and 52 (22 .5% ) were tuberculous spinal infection (TSI) .The most common risk factor for infection was history of previous spinal surgery or procedure (43 .3% ) ,followed by diabetes mellitus (14 .7% ) .The infection site of lumbosacral spine was prominent with 114 cases (63 .7% ) in PSI and 38 cases (73 .1% ) in TSI .At initial presentation ,white cell blood count ([10 .8 ± 4 .5] × 109/L vs [7 .3 ± 3 .2]× 109/L ,t=2 .685) and C‐reactive protein levels ([79 ± 33] vs [37 ± 21] mg/L ,t=6 .241) in PSI were higher compared to TSI (both P<0 .05) .The positive rate of blood culture was significant higher than tissue culture in PSI (47 .9% vs 21 .8% ,χ2 = 6 .782 , P< 0 .05 ) .But the positive rate of blood culture was significantly lower than tissue culture in TSI (0 vs 39 .4% ,χ2 =8 .312 , P<0 .05) .Surgical treatment was performed in 30 .2% of PSI and 25 .0% of TSI .Conclusions History of spinal surgery or procedure is the most common risk factor for spinal infections , followed by diabetes mellitus . The lumbosacral spine is the common involved site in both PSI and TSI .The incidence of PSI is higher among spinal infections in our hospital .And Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogenic bacteria in PSI .

Objective To establish a method for determination of 2-chloroacetamide in cosmetics. Methods The gas chromatography method had been developed for determination of 2-chloroacetamide in cosmetics. Samples were solved with ethanol treated with ultrasonic homogenization centrifuge separated by HP-INNWax column determined by FID. Results The 2-chloroacetamide concentration had a better linear range in the range of 0.0-10.0 mg/ml. The minimum detection limit was below 0.01 ?g. The relative standard deviation was less than 5.6% and the recovery rates were 90%-100% respectively. Conclusion This method is simple fast and sensitive.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil made in China for treating hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B patients.Methods This was a multicenter,double-blinded,randomized controlled trial.Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B were assigned to receive either adefovir dipivoxil(10 mg/d,120 patients)or placebo(118 patients)for 12 weeks in 5 medical centers in China.Then,both groups of patients entered 36 weeks open-labeled adefovir dipivoxil treatment phase(10 mg/d),The rates of serum HBV DNA clearances,alanine aminotransferase levels(ALT)normalization,HBeAg loss and anti-HBe seroconversion were evaluated respectively during and post the 48-week treatment.Results After 12 weeks of treatment,the rates of serum HBV DNA clearance(real-time fluorescent quanti- tative polymerase chain reaction,the detection limit was 1?10~4 copy per milliliter),ALT normaliza- tion,HBeAg loss and anti-HBe seroconversion of adefovir dipivoxil group were all significantly higher than those of placebo group(50.0% vs 5.1%,35.0% vs 8.5%,12.5% vs 2.5% and 5.8% vs 0, respectively,x~2=59.89,24.52,P0.05).The safety profile of adefovir dipivoxil was similar to that of placebo. Conclusions The safety profile and efficacy of domestic adefovir dipivoxil for treating HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients are similar to its counterparts that have been licensed aboard.

Objective To summarize the causes of patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) and to analyze the relationship between infectious diseases and FUO,in order to provide envidence for experiential therapy.Methods Clinical data of 374 FUO inpatients at He'nan Provincial People's Hospital from June 1,2009 to May 31,2013,including gender,age,diagnosis and department were analyzed retrospectively.Results Three hundred and twenty-seven cases among the overall 374 FUO patients (87.4％) were eventually etiological diagnosed based on supplementary examinations or diagnostic treatment.As for the causes of fever,209 were infection,accounting for 55.9％,among which 78 cases (20.9％) were diagnosed with tuberculosis,23 cases (6.1％) brucellic diseases,19 cases (5.1％) rickettsia infection.Meanwhile,the noninfectious diseases,such as connective tissue diseases (47,12.6％),hematonosis (37,9.9％) as well as the solid tumors (13,3.5％) also constituted considerable shares of the causes for FUO.However,the causes of 47 cases (12.6％) were not identified before discharge.Conclusions Infectious diseases are the main cause of FUO,in which tuberculosis accounts for the majority.Brucellosis and rickettsia infection also account for a considerable proportion.The causes of most FUO cases could be identified through detailed analysis of clinical data and supplemental examinations.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether small epithelial cells (SEC) exist in human hepa- tocellularcarcinoma (HCC) and if so, whether they exhibit immunolabelling for both albumin and cytokeratin 7 (CK7). MethodsThirty cases of human HCC from operative specimens were investi- gated by immunohistochemistry with antibody against albumin, a marker of hepatocyte differentiation and CK7, a marker of biliary differentiation. Ten cases were investigated by electron microscopy and by immuno- electron microscopy. ResultsThe SEC were found in 20 of 30 cases that located around the edges of the tumors and appeared as proliferative small biliary ductules. Under electron microscopy they were of small size, contained sparse cytoplasm, few free ribosomes, intracellular tonofilarnents, and intercellular junctions. Immunoelectron microscopically the SEC exhibited labelling for both albumin and CK7 in 5 out of 10 cases. ConclusionSEC in human HCC are found that represent the same mor- phology like those seen in hepatoblastoma and biliary atresia, co- expressed markers for hepatocytic and biliary differentiation.

Objective To analyze hepatitis C virus genotype(HCV GT)1b NS5A resistance-associated variants(RAV)and its related factors,and to provide references for direct-acting antivirals (DAA)agent selection and application.Methods From January 2017 to July 2017,53 hepatitis C patients were selected from the Department of Infectious Diseases of Henan Province People's Hospital. The mutations of L31M and Y93H in NS5A RAV were analyzed in 43 HCV GT1b patients,and their correlations with hepatitis C virus,liver function,platelet and liver fibrosis diagnostic model[APRI, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio(GPR),FIb-4]were analyzed.The quantitative data were compared by two independent samples t test,and the qualitative data were compared by chi square test. Results Fifty-three subjects were enrolled,including 43 GT1b(9 males and 34 females)and 10 GT2a(2 males and 8 females).No other genotype was detected.The incidence of NS5A RAV in 43 HCV GT1b patients was 13.9%(6/43),of which L31M and Y93H were 1/43(2.3%)and 5/43(11.6%)with no significant difference(χ2= 1.500,P= 0.219).There were no significant differences in HCV RNA, ALT,AST,albumin,platelets and age between patients with or without mutation(all P> 0.05). Conclusions The incidence of NS5A RAV in HCV GT1b patients is high,but not affected by virus, biochemical factors and liver fibrosis.The detection of NS5A RAV before HCV treatment is helpful for rational selection of DAA,which could reduce the drug resistance.

Objective To observe the role and related mechanism of chemerin and its receptor ChemR23 in glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) stimulated by high glucose.Methods Mouse GEnCs were cultured and divided into control group,20.0 mmol/L high glucose group,40.0 mmol/L high glucose group and mannitol control group.Then the expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in cell culture supematant as well as the expressions of intracellular protein and mRNA of chemerin,ChemR23,IL-6 and TNF-α were detected.Lentiviral transfection targeting ChemR23 was applied before high glucose-or Chemerin-stimulated,and expressions of supernatant and intracellular mRNA of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured.Meanwhile whether p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway was activated by high glucose was detected.The specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK was added prior to high glucose-stimulated,then supernatant and intracellular mRNA expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α was detected.The supernatant expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA.The intracellular protein expression and p38 MAPK phosphorylation activity were detected by Western blotting.The mRNA expression was detected by real time PCR.Results Compared with those in the control group,in high glucose groups the expressions of IL-6,TNF-α and chemerin were significantly increased (all P ＜ 0.05),however,the expressions of ChemR23 did not change (all P ＞ 0.05);the supernatant and mRNA expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were also elevated in the chemerin group (all P ＜ 0.05).Lentivirus baring shRNA could efficiently suppress ChemR23 expression,and the Chemerin-or high glucose-induced expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were reduced (all P ＜ 0.05).Also it could significantly reduce the expression of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) induced by high glucose (P ＜ 0.05),as high glucose group had higher p-p38 MAPK than control group (P ＜ 0.05).While the high glucose-elevated expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly attenuated by p38 MAPK inhibitor (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions High glucose stimulation can induce the expression of chemerin in GEnCs.By binding to ChemR23,chemerin activates p38 MAPK signaling pathway,and then promotes the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α.These inflammatory cytokines aggravate inflammation of GEnCs.

Since 2014, the United States and Europe has approved all oral, interferon free- regimens that combine with direct-acting antiviral agents. Hence, the sustained virological response rate of patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection has improved over 90%, and the treatment modalities has introduced a new era. These drugs, ombitasvir and dasabuvir, received customary authorization of Food and Drug Administration in 2015 and are the first combined direct-acting antiviral agents for treating HCV genotype 1 infection. It has superior application prospects in China because of its high-sustained virological response rate and safety profile. This article reviews the pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, efficacy and safety of this therapeutic regimen.

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the epidemic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Nanping City, Fujian province and to provide the basis for formulating effective prevention and control measures as well as evaluating the efficacy of prevention and treatment. Methods　Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the incidence data of HFMD in Nanping City from 2012 to 2021. Results　A total of 49 231 cases of HFMD were reported in Nanping City from 2012 to 2021. The incidence fluctuated greatly over the 10-year period, ranging from 76.10/100 000 to 308.93/100 000, with an average incidence of 184.99/100 000 per year. The overall incidence and the number of cases showed a fluctuating downward trend over time, but the incidence was high in the next year, and there were statistically significant differences in the incidence rates between different years(χ2=8 169.176, P<0.001). There were significant regional differences in the incidence, the top three average annual incidence rates were: Guanze County (370.76/100 000), Zhenghe County (295.31/100 000) and Wuyishan City (250.31/100 000). There were two peaks of HFMD incidence each year, with the first occurring in May and June and the second occurring in September and October. The incidence rate was higher among males (215.86/100 000) than females (152.93/100 000), and males were more susceptible than females (RR=1.412, 95%CI=1.387-1.438). The cases were mainly aged 0-4 years, accounting for 86.25% (42 461/49 231) of all cases, and the incidence rate gradually decreased with increasing age (χ2trend=570,105.801, P<0.001). The majority of cases (85.22%, 41 953/49 231) occurred in children living in scattered areas, followed by children in kindergartens (12.39%, 6 101/49 231). The etiological results showed a total of 3 476 laboratory-confirmed cases, and the proportion of three (classes) of enterovirus positivity varied each year, with different pathogen compositions showing statistical significance (χ2=584.613, P<0.001). In addition to the years 2015-2017, during which Cox A16 and EV71 were the dominant strains, other years were dominated by other enteroviruses, with EV71 being the main type in severe and fatal cases of HFMD in Nanping City. Conclusion　Nanping City should strengthen health education for children living in the diaspora and in day-care centers, enhance surveillance of epidemics and pathogenology, improve vaccination rates against EV71, focus on the detection and typing of other enteroviruses, and implement effective prevention and control measures for HFMD.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in macrophage-rich areas of advanced atherosclerotic lesions and contributes to macrophage apoptosis and subsequent plaque necrosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) on ER stress-induced apoptosis in cultured macrophages and the underlying mechanisms. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with thapsigargin (TG) to establish ER stress model. And Cav-1 expression was detected by Western blot. After being pretreated with filipin(III), a caveolae inhibitor, RAW264.7 cells were assayed with flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy to detect cell apoptosis. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression were detected with Western blot. The results showed that Cav-1 expression was markedly increased at early stage of TG treatment (P < 0.05) and then decreased with prolonged or high dose TG treatments. The increasing of Cav-1 expression induced by TG in RAW264.7 cells was abolished under inhibition of caveolae by filipin(III) (P < 0.05). The effect of TG on apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells was further augmented after pretreatment with filipin(III) (P < 0.05). Western blotting showed that MAPK phosphorylation induced by TG was inhibited by filipin(III) in RAW264.7 cells (P < 0.05), whereas CHOP remained unchanged (P > 0.05). These results suggest that Cav-1 may play a critical role in suppressing ER stress-induced macrophages apoptosis in vitro, and one of the mechanisms may be correlated with the activation of p38 MAPK prosurvival pathway.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caveolin 1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; physiology ; Filipin ; pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Macrophages ; cytology ; drug effects ; Mice ; Thapsigargin ; pharmacology ; Transcription Factor CHOP ; metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism