Ginsenoside Rb1 is an active component in ginseng. Previous in vitro experiments showed that ginsenoside Rb1, could inhibit lipolysis and promote glucose transporter in adipocytes. This study focused on the effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in insulin resistance and ectopic fat deposit in obese mice induced by high fat diet and its molecular mechanism. Obese male C57/L mice induced by high fat diet were randomly divided into the diet-induced obesity group (DIO group), the ginsenoside Rb1 group (Rb1 group) and the rosiglitazone group (Rog group), and continuously fed with high fat diet. In addition, male C57/L mice fed with normal diet were selected as the normal group (NC group). Mice in Rb1 group and Rog groups were intraperitoneally injected with ginsenoside Rb1 and rosiglitazone with the dosage of 20 mg x kg(-1) and 10 mg x kg(-1), respectively. NC and DIO groups were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of saline. Two weeks later, the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed. Three days later, the mice were killed, and their serum samples were collected to detect insulin and free fatty acid (FFA). Their livers were weighed to examine the triglyceride content, and a pathological detection was performed. Epididymal adipose tissues were weighed, and PDE3B, HSL and perilipin were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that the treatment with ginsenoside Rb1 for two weeks could improve the glucose tolerance of obese mice. Except for 0-120 min, the areas under the glucose tolerance curve (0-30 min, 0-60 min and 0-90 min) in the Rb1 group were less than that in the DIO group (P < 0.05, n = 5), with a much lower HOMA-IR (P < 0.05, n = 5). The fat level of obese mice was significantly reduced by Rbl (P < 0.05, n = 5), and so were liver weight/weight (P < 0.05, n = 8). The increased serum FFA of obese mice declined after the treatment of Rb1 (P < 0.05, n = 8). Rb1 could partially recover the expression of perilipin in adipose tissues, but without obvious change in the expressions of PDE3B and HSL and the phosphorylated activation. The above findings indicated that ginsenoside Rb1 could reduce the release of FFA and alleviate the ectopic deposit of triglyceride by up-regulating the expression of perilipin in adipose tissue, which may be one of its mechanisms for improving the insulin resistance and abnormal glucose metabolism of organisms.
Adipose Tissue ; drug effects ; pathology ; Animals ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Diet, High-Fat ; adverse effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; blood ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Ginsenosides ; pharmacology ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Insulin ; blood ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Obesity ; blood ; etiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Organ Size ; drug effects ; Triglycerides ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the incidence of radioactivity uptake in thymus combined with serum thyroglobulin (Tg) increase in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients after high-dose 131I treatments,in order to discuss the mechanism of thymus iodine uptaking and Tg increasing.Methods Retrospective analysis of the laboratory examinations and 131Iwhole body scan (131I-WBS) images in 316 DTC patients were performed.The radioactivity uptake in thymus and the Tg level were observed.Results Among 316 patients (total 735 case-times),4 patients of 5 cases-times 131I-WBS showed radioactivity uptake in thymus,accounting for 0.68％ (5/735).All the radioactivity uptake in thymus were found by posttreatment 131I whole body scan (Rx-WBS) and after the second radioactive iodine treatment.For 1 of 4 patients,Rx-WBS still showed thymic uptake 131I after the third radioactive iodine treatment.The serum Tg increased in 3 patients (4 caestimes Rx-WBS) of radioactivity uptake in thymus with the Tg level before Rx-WBS was 13.80 μg/L,＞300.00 μg/L,16.40 μg/L,20.60μg/L,respectively.Conclusion In order to avoid the inappropriate administration of radioiodine therapy,thymic uptake should be identified carefully in DTC patients whose radioactivity uptake is only found at the upper mediastinal and combined with serum Tg increase.

Previous studies have shown that ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), one of active components in ginseng, can activate insulin signaling pathway and promote translocation of glucose transporters (GLUTs) to increase glucose uptake in adipocytes. However, the effect of Rb1 on the expressions of GLUTs remains unknown. In this study, the effects of Rb1 on GLUT1 and GLUT4 were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and epididymal adipose tissue of db/db obese diabetic mice. Male db/db mice were treated with Rb1 by intraperitoneal injection at the dosage of 20 mg x kg(-1) for 14 d. Rb1 reduced HOMA-IR significantly (P < 0.05, n = 5), and FBG and FINS sowed declining trend after treatment with Rb1. Rb1 recovered the expressions of GLUT1 and GLUT4 and phosphorylation of AKT in adipose tissue of db/db mice. In vitro, glucose consumption in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with 10 micromol x L(-1) Rb1 for 24 h was elevated (P < 0.05, n=3), and mRNA of GLUT1 and GLUT4 were up-regulated (P < 0.05, n=3) and proteins of GLUT1 and GLUT4 were also increased. AKT was activated in adipocytes treated with Rb1 for 3 h. It can be concluded that ginsenoside Rb1 can up-regulate the expression of GLUTs in adipose tissue, in addition to activate insulin signalling pathway, which may partially account for its insulin sensitizing activity and regulating effect of glucose metabolism.
3T3 Cells ; Adipocytes ; drug effects ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; metabolism ; Ginsenosides ; pharmacology ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Up-Regulation ; drug effects

3 cm)and small lesions(diameter≤3 cm)were 80.6%(79/98)and 67.2% (45/67),respectively(P

OBJECTIVETo research molluscicidal effect activity, active components and stable passage of endophyte JJ18 from Pseudolarix amabilis and examine the possibility for practical application.

METHODMolluscicidal effect test was performed according to the immersion test method suggested by WHO.

RESULTImmersion test with JJ18 broth showed that the active components were extracellular moiety of the broth and that 10% concentration solution could kill nearly 90% snail immersed after 72 h, the salified broth has favourable thermostabily and photostability and showed that JJ18 has stable passage and its active components concentrate in the extract of n-butanol.

CONCLUSIONThe metabolite of endophyte JJ18 has activity for molluscicidal effect and potential for application.

Animals ; Bacteria ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Bacterial Proteins ; pharmacology ; Molluscacides ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Pinaceae ; microbiology ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; pharmacology ; Snails ; drug effects

Objective To investigate the feasibility of using anti-sense RNA against classⅡmajor histocompatibility complex(MHCⅡ)transactivator(CⅡTA),which might regulate MHCⅡexpression,to suppress the relative immune response.Methods Stable transfectants of dermal fibroblasts with pDarⅡ(pDarⅡ-D)were tested for the expression of classic MHCⅡ(HLA-DR,-DP,-DQ)antigens induced with recombinant human interferon-gamma(IFN-?).mRNA abundance of CⅡTA,and classic MHCⅡwas mea-sured by RT-PCR.IL-2mRNA expressed in T cells,stimulated by transfected dermal fibroblasts,was de-termined by mixed lymphocyte reaction.Results When induced with IFN-?,the expression of HLA-DR and-DP antigens on pDarⅡ-D was reduced by95.63%and87.89%,respectively.Meanwhile,the mRNA contents of CⅡTA and classic MHCⅡwere decreased significantly(P

OBJECTIVETo examine the extent of hypoxia in oral squamous cell carcinoma and investigate the factors related to the hypoxia.

METHODSAn animal model of oral squamous cell carcinoma was established and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99mTc-HL91 used to detect the hypoxia extent of the oral squamous cell carcinoma. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) was examined by immunohistochemical staining in 42 cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embed squamous cell carcinoma.

RESULTSThe uptake of 99mTc-HL91 in the tumor tissue was higher than that in normal tissue and had linear relation with the tumor size (P < 0.05). There was no HIF-1alpha expression in the normal oral mucosa. The expression of HIF-1alpha was high in oral mucosa carcinoma and closely related to the differentiation degree of tumor and metastasis of lymph node (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTumor tissue had broad hypoxic region. HIF-1alpha highly expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma and may play an important role in carcinogenesis and aggression.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Middle Aged ; Mouth Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; pathology ; Pilot Projects ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of a liquid embolic agent 2-poly-hydroxyethyl -methacrylate (2-P-HEMA) for renal artery embolization in rabbits.

METHODSThe precipitation time of different concentrations (2%, 3.5%, 5%, 6.5%, 8% and 9.5%) of 2-P-HEMA dissolved in different solutions (ethanol, ethanol/iobitridol, and ethanol/Bi2O3) were determined in flowing water. The mixtures of 2-P-HEMA (2%, 5%, and 8%) with ethanol/ Bi2O3 were injected into the renal arteries of the rabbits, and the artery-embolizing effects were assessed using angiography at 2 and 12 weeks after the injection, with also macroscopic and microscopic examination of the embolized kidneys.

RESULTSThe mixtures of 2-P-HEMA and ethanol formed flocculent precipitation a few seconds after injection into flowing water, and the precipitation time showed no significant variations with the concentration of 2-P-HEMA in the mixture. Low and moderate concentrations of 2-P-HEMA could pass through the microcatheter smoothly with little injection resistance, and resulted in complete occlusion of the renal arteries without adhesion to the microcatheter. Angiography at 2 and 12 weeks detected no recanalization of the occluded renal arteries. Macroscopically, the lumen of the renal arteries was found to be occluded by the embolic agents, and deep penetration of the embolic agents into the glomerular arteries was observed microscopically. The mixture containing high-concentration 2-P-HEMA was difficult to deliver through the microcatheter due to high injection resistance.

CONCLUSION2-P-HEMA can be rapidly precipitated after injection into flowing water, and allows complete embolization of the renal arteries of rabbits at proper concentrations, suggesting its great potential as an endovascular liquid embolic agent.

Animals ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; methods ; Female ; Male ; Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate ; Rabbits ; Radiography ; Random Allocation ; Renal Artery ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo analyze antiviral effects of telbivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

METHOD72 chronic hepatitis B patients without prior history of antiviral therapy were treated with telbivudine 600mg once daily.

RESULTSAt week 4, 37.5% of the patients achieved undetectable HBV DNA, and 33.3% achieved ALT normalization. At week 108, 87.5% of the patients achieved undetectable HBV DNA, and 91.7% achieved ALT normalization. HBeAg seroconversion occurred in 23.9% of the 46 HBeAg positive patients. The rates of undetectable HBV DNA and HBeAg seroconversion at week 108 in the patients with HBV DNA < 3 log(10) copies/ml at week 12 were significant higher than those in patients with HBV DNA >or= 3 log(10) copies/ml. The rate of undetectable HBV DNA at week 108 in the patients with HBV DNA < 3 log(10) copies/ml at week 24 was significantly higher than that in patients with HBV DNA >or= 3 log(10) copies/ml, and the rate of antiviral resistance rate at week 108 in the patients with HBV DNA < 3 log(10) copies/ml at week 24 was significantly lower than that in patients with HBV DNA >or= 3 log(10) copies/ml. Antiviral therapy could significantly improve Child-Pugh score in patients with liver cirrhosis.

CONCLUSIONTelbivudine treatment results in suppression of HBV and high HBeAg seroconversion, and improvement of Child-Pugh score in the patients with liver cirrhosis.

Adult ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; physiology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nucleosides ; therapeutic use ; Pyrimidinones ; therapeutic use ; Thymidine ; analogs & derivatives ; Treatment Outcome ; Virus Replication

OBJECTIVETo analyze antiviral effects of entecavir in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.

METHODS104 patients of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis with no previous history of antiviral therapy were treated with entecavir 0.5 mg once daily. 37 patients were taken hepatic histologic examination before and after the treatment.

RESULTSMean reductions of serum HBV DNA was 5.1 log10 96 weeks after the treatment, HBV DNA became undetectable in 98.1% patients, and ALT became normal in 80.7% patients; HBeAg seroconversion occurred in 13.9% of the 72 HBeAg positive patients; 61.5% of these patients were infected with genotype C HBV, and 26.9% were infected with genotype B HBV. The genotype of HBV was not associated with the therapeutical effect. Child-pugh score was associated with the progression of the disease: the proportion of patients with disease progression was highest in Child-Pugh C grade patients and lowest in Child-Pugh A grade patients. The level of the HBV DNA load was positively correlated with Knodell HAI score at the baseline and 96 weeks after the treatment.

CONCLUSIONEntecavir treatment results in suppression of HBV replication and delayed progression of fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.

Adult ; Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Genotype ; Guanine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; drug effects ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; complications ; drug therapy ; virology ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; drug therapy ; etiology ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Virus Replication ; drug effects