Objective To comparative analysis the effect of radiotherapy,thermoradiotherapy and chemora-diotherapy on esophageal cancer.Methods 120 patients with esophageal carcinoma were selected and randomly divided into the radiotherapy group,thermoradiotherapy groupand chemoradiotherapy group by digital table method, with 40 cases in each group,which were treated with radiotherapy alone,thermoradiotherapy alone and radiotherapy combine with chemotherapy respectively.The effects of treatment of the three groups were compared.Results The main toxic reaction in the three groups during the treatment for adverse reaction were digestive system reaction,hema-tologic toxicities and radioactive esophagitis.The incidence of toxic reaction of the three groups were not statistically significant(P >0.05).Total response rate of simple radiotherapy group,the thermal radiation group,chemoradiothera-py group were 52.5%,75.0% and 85.0%.,The total remission rate of chemotherapy group was higher than those of the radiotherapy group and the thermal radiation group(χ2 =5.218,3.857,all P <0.05).Conclusion The different treatment methods of esophageal cancer can obtain certain curative effect,but there are some adverse reactions.Among different treatment methods,radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma can get better effect than the radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy.

Objective To establish an orthotopic osteosarcoma nude mice model that co-expresses green fluorescent protein( GFP) , red fluorescent protein ( RFP) and luciferase for the purpose of monitoring the growth of osteosarcoma and screening drug candidates against osteosarcoma .Methods Human osteosarcoma cells of U 2-OS were infected with lentivirus carrying reporter gene .The reporter gene expression was verified by fluorescent microscopy and bioluminescence imaging.The cells were transplanted into tibia of the nude mice and monitored by bioluminescence imaging .Results The reporter gene was stably expressed in U 2-OS cells.The growth and metastsis of osteosarcoma could be detected in nude mice.Conclusion The established orthotopic osteosarcoma nude mice model is an ideal model for investigating the mechanism of growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma and for screening drug candidates against osteosarcoma .

Objective Non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) plays an important regulatory role in the development of tumor.This study aimed to explore the expression of MYH9 in osteosarcoma tissues and its effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of osteosarcoma cells.Methods We collected 52 cases of osteosarcoma tissues and para-carcinoma tissues at 5 cm form the edge of the tumor.RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expression level of MYH9 mRNA and protein in the osteosarcoma tissues and para-carcinoma tissues.MYH9 shRNA plasmid was transfected into U2-OS cells to silenced the expression of MYH9, after transfected, the cells were divided into three groups: the normal U2-OS cells were the control group, the U2-OS cells transfected with empty plasmid were the empty group and U2-OS cells transfected with MYH9 shRNA were interference group.RT-PCR was used to detect the changes of MYH9 mRNA levels in the U2-OS cells, the protein level of MYH9, EMT related protein E-cadherin and Vimentin were detected by Western blot, and the ability of cell invasion was evaluated by Transwell assay.Results The results of RT-PCR showed that the relative expression MYH9 mRNA in para-carcinoma tissues(1.526±0.148) was significantly lower than that in cancer tissues (3.547±0.195) (P<0.05).The results of immunohistochemistry showed that MYH9 protein was mainly expressed in cytoplasm, and the expression in cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in para-carcinoma tissues, the positive expression rate were 59.6%(31/52) and 26.9%(14/52) respectively, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The results of Western blot showed that the relative expression of MYH9 mRNA in interference group was significantly lower than that in control group and empty group (P<0.05) after silenced MYH9 gene, and compared with the control group, the E-cadherin in U2-OS cells was significantly up-regulated but the Vimentin was down-regulated.After 48h, all of the groups had cells through the microfiltration membrane, the numbers of cells through the microfiltration membrane in interference group(41.2±15.1) was significantly lower than that in control group(117.3±12.4) and empty group(193.5±14.7) (P<0.05).Conclusion The expression of MYH9 protein in osteosarcoma tissues was significantly higher than that in para-carcinoma t tissues, silenced MYH9 gene can reduce the invasive ability of osteosarcoma by reducing the epithelial interstitial transition.

Objective To evaluate the value of covered self-expending metallic stent in the management of malignant esophageal and duodenal strictures or fistulas and explore the treatment for the associated common complications.Methods With interventional procedure under fluoroscopic guidance,95 self-expending mesh stents were implanted in 87 patients,including esophageal carcinoma(50 cases),esophagogastric anastomotic stenosis(23 cases),gastroduodenal malignant stenosis(5 cases),esophagobronchial fistula(3 cases),esophagogastric anastomotic fistula(6 cases).Results Stent placement was successful in all patients at the first trial,having no instant complication except one acute bleeding during the procedure and all of them with relief of stenostic complaint,restoration of clictelic function and closure of fistulas.The long-term curative effect showed something to do with different kind of disease,and the related treatment.Conclusion Self-expending metallic covered mesh stent is safe,effective and less complication;and could be further promoted with addition of radiotherapy and(or)chemotherapy.

Objective To evaluate the value of covered metallic stent and arterial embolization in the management of pseudoaneurysm of extremities or kidneys.Methods Endovascular covered stent graft was inserted for isolation of peripheral extremity pseudoaneurysm in 3 patients and intraarterial embolization was performed with gelfoam in 2 patients for pseudoaneurysm in kidney.Results All 5 pseudoaneurysms kept occluded after the treatment.Distal arterial pulse was normal in 2 patients treated with stent graft;new thrombosis formed within the stent during the procedure but disappeared after thrombolytic therapy through catheter in 1 case;and still another new pseudoaneurysm presented at puncture site in 1 other case due to other factors.Conclusions Pseudoaneurysms in extremities or kidneys can be effectively treated with interventional techniques of covered stent graft and percutaneous arterial embolization.The long-term investigation is needed.

Objective To investigate the impact of early enteral nutrition on the nutritional status and complications of patients with advanced esophageal carcinomas.Methods Sixty-five patients with advanced esophageal carcinomas were randomly divided into the enteral nutrition group group (n =33) and the control group (n =32).The two groups were given enteral nutrition support and normal nasogastric feeding diet respectively in 24-72 h after hospitalization.The two groups were tested with nutrition indicators:body Mass Index (BMI)/brachial triceps skinfold thickness/upper arm circumference measurement,fasting blood glucose/serum total protein/albumin/cholesterol/triglyceride and the liver function (alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase(AST)/total bilirubin (TBiL)),and were observed the incidences of complications with liver/intestinal and infection diseases.Results After one month's treatment,compared with the control group,there was significant statistical difference between the two group in patients' nutritional status (BMI index:(22.1 ±4.5) kg/m2 vs.(19.2±4.3) kg/m2; skinfold thickness:(6.2 ±0.4) mm vs.(5.1 ±0.4)mm ; upper arm circumference:(22.8 ± 3.0) cm vs.(20.4 ± 3.2) cm ; serum total protein:(49.2 ± 10.1) g/L vs.(45.1 ± 9.9) g/L; Albumin:(35.5 ± 5.8) g/L vs.(30.6 ± 6.1) g/L; Cholesterol:(5.0 ± 0.6) mmol/L)vs.(4.3 ± 0.7) mmol/L)),the liver function(ALT:(36.0 ± 4.7) U/L vs.(61.5 ± 9.9) U/L; AST:(29.6 ±6.7) U/Lvs.(88.9±10.6) U/L;TBiL:(17.7±3.8) μmol/Lvs.(31.6 ±9.4) μmol/L) (t=2.624,2.036,2.220,2.256,4.155,2.207,2.349,2.476,2.280 respectively,P ＜ 0.05 for all),and the incidence of diarrhea (12％ (4/33) vs.34％ (11/32)) and infection (15％ (5/33) vs.41％ (13/32)) (x2 =2.501,2.193 respectively;P ＜0.05).No statistical difference was observed between the two groups on the levels of serum glucose and triglycerides,and the incidences of complications like bloating/constipation/reflux (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The early enteral nutrition could improve the nutritional status of patients with advanced esophageal carcinomas effectively,and reduce the incidence of liver injury,diarrhea and infection.

Purpose Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is difficult to diagnose its nature before surgery, thus results in misdiagnosis. This paper aims to determine the best diagnostic cutoff value using anteroposterior and transverse diameter ratio (A/L) and longitudinal and transverse diameter ration (L/T) in PTMC. Materials and Methods The CT data of 154 pathology proven benign and malignant thyroid nodules ≤ 1.0 cm in diameter in 78 cases were reviewed, including 75 PTMC in 47 patients and 79 benign nodule in 31 patients. The anteroposterior and transverse diameter ratio (A/T) on axial view, A/L on sagittal view, and L/T on coronal view were measured and calculated. A non-parametric method was used to draw the receiver operating curve of A/T, A/L and L/T. The mean and standard deviation of CT diameters in benign and malignant nodules were calculated. The area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were determined. CT manifestations of small benign and malignant thyroid nodules were also analyzed. Results The A/T and A/L ratio were significantly larger for PTMC than benign nodules (P<0.01), while L/T diameters were significantly smaller than the benign nodules (P<0.01). The area under ROC was 0.8841, 0.7676 and 0.4052 for A/T, A/L and L/T respectively. The best diagnostic cutoff value of A/T and A/L were 1.05 and 1.0. With A/T ≥ 1.05, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 88.00%, 84.81%, 86.36%, 84.62% and 88.12%, respectively. With A/L ≥ 1.0, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were 66.67%, 82.28%, 74.68%, 78.13% and 72.22%, respectively. CT characteristics of PTMC included superficial location, oval low density, blurry boundary, microcalcification and progressive enhancement with accuracy of 71.43%, 50.00%, 79.22%, 68.83% and 90.91%, respectively. Conclusion The cutoff values of A/T ≥ 1.05 and A/L ≥ 1.0 can be used to diagnose PTMC with high accuracy.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic value and safety of transcatheter arterial angiography and embolization in patients with endoscopic refractory gastrointestinal bleeding.Methods Thirty-one cases of endoscopic refractory gastrointestinal bleeding were performed DSA and treated with transcatheter arterial angiography and embolization.The safty and efficacy was evaluated.Results Angiographic positive rate of bleeding was 80.65％ (25/31);28 cases was treated with embolization.The success rate of first embolization was 75.00％ (21/28),and the total success rate was 82.14 ％ (23/28) by the second embolization.Seven patients received surgical resection after interventional therapy,including 2 cases of jejunal stromal tumors and 5 cases of gastric malignant tumors.Four cases of gastric cancer patients underwent rebleeding within 30 days after interventional therapy,of which 2 died of heart or lung function failure due to basic diseases.Except for 1 patient of anastomotic bleeding after gastrointestinal anastomosis occurred anastomotic fistula after embolization,who recovery with the support treatment,no other cases occurred serious gastrointestinal ischemic necrosis.Conclusion Interventional diagnosis and treatment for gastrointestinal bleeding hemostasis is effective and safety,and also can achieve good results especially for malignant gastric tumor hemorrhage,which can be used for endoscopic refractory gastrointestinal bleeding patients.

Objective:To investigate effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in kidneys of Type 1 diabetic rats.Methods:Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:A normal control (NC) group,a diabetes mellitus (DM) group,a NaHS (NaHS+DM) group,and a NaHS control (NaHS) group (n=8 per group).Type 1 diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg).After successful establishment of models,the rats in NaHS+DM and NaHS groups were injected with NaHS solution (56 μmol/kg) intraperitoneally.Eight weeks later,the activities of total nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS) and iNOS,as well as the level of nitric oxide (NO) were detected in serum and renal tissues,respectively,The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was determined in renal tissues,The ultrastructures of renal tissues were observed by transmission electron microscope,The protein expression ofiNOS in renal tissues was detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with the NC group,there was no significant difference in the various indexes in the NaHS group (P＞0.05).However,in the DM group,the activities of T-NOS and iNOS,and the level of NO were all increased significantly in serum and renal tissues,while the activity of GSH-Px was decreased in renal tissues.Under the electronic microscope,the thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane,the proliferation of mesangial matrix,and the foot fusion were observed.The protein expression ofiNOS was increased obviously in renal tissues in the DM group (P＜0.01).Compared with the DM group,the activities of T-NOS and iNOS and the level of NO were all decreased in serum and renal tissues,while the activity of GSH-Px was increased in renal tissues in the NaHS+DM group (P＜0.01).The renal ultrastructural damages were ameliorated obviously.The protein expression ofiNOS was decreased significantly (P＜0.01).Conclusion:H2S exerts a protective effect on kidney injury in type 1 diabetic rats.The mechanism might be related to inhibition of iNOS activity and protein expression,in turn leading to reduction of NO content in renal tissues.

Objective To evaluate the of the decision process to perform staged or synchronous bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in the treatment of bilateral upper urinary tract calculi. Methods Patients with an indication for bilateral PCNL were enrolled in the study from Jan. 2008 to Dec. 2008. The decision to perform staged or synchronous bilateral PCNL was based on the initial side operative time, the changes of hemoglobin level and systolic arterial pressure, the results of blood gas analysis and the patient′s tolerance at the end of initial side operation. The patients were divided into two groups, patients who underwent synchronous bilateral PCNL were in group one. Patients where the PCNL procedure was stopped after the initial side and subsequently underwent staged bilateral PCNL three to six weeks later were placed in group two. The success and complication rates of two groups were compared and analyzed. Results Of 60 planned simultaneous bilateral PCNLs, nine were stopped after the initial side, due to prolonged operative time in four cases, a hemoglobin level ＜100 g/L or the decrease of more than 30 g/L in three cases, a systolic arterial pressure lower than 90 mm Hg or the decrease more than 30 mm Hg in two cases, an arterial blood pH lower than 7.35 or the arterial oxygen saturation lower than 95% in two cases or the patients were intolerant to the surgery in three cases. Between the two groups, the differences of patient gender, age, BMI, preoperative hemoglobin level, the total hemoglobin decrease, the side initiated operation, stone number and second side stone burden were insignificant. However, there were significant differences in the first operative side stone burden, total stone burden, the first operative side operative time and total operative time. The stone-clearance rate was 87.3% in group one and 88.9% in group two. There was no difference in complication rate of two groups. Conclusions Prolonged operative time, large blood loss during the first operation side and patient intolerance are the main causes of staged bilateral PCNL.