Three viewpoints have been refined from the research on present situation of Medical Ethics teaching,and are probed out as followed:①The position of Medical Ethics in medical education has been underestimated and even ignored;②Dull teaching means、rigid teaching content and informal testing pattern were the drawbacks of Medical Ethics teaching model;③Compared with its external counterpart,the internal medical ethics teaching model requires to be improved.This article aims to provide direction and foundation for the optimizing research of Medical Ethics teaching model.

OBJECTIVESulfur dioxide was considered to be toxic and detrimental to human health. However, this review highlights recent advances that suggest sulfur dioxide might be a novel endogenous gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions.

DATA SOURCESThe data used in this review were mainly from the studies reported in Medline and PubMed published from 1986 to 2010.

STUDY SELECTIONOriginal articles and critical reviews selected were relevant to exogenous and endogenous sulfur dioxide.

RESULTSThe sulfur dioxide/aspartate amino transferase pathway is endogenously generated in the cardiovascular system, and sulfur dioxide shows broad bioactive effects, such as antihypertension, vasodilation, and amelioration of vascular remodeling. A disturbed sulfur dioxide/aspartate amino transferase pathway is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension, athrosclerosis, spontaneous hypertension and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, in experimental studies the prognosis of these cardiovascular diseases can be improved by targeting endogenous sulfur dioxide.

CONCLUSIONThe findings suggest that sulfur dioxide is a novel endogenous gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions.

Animals ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; etiology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; etiology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Signal Transduction ; physiology ; Sulfur Dioxide ; metabolism

AIM:To determine circular RNA (circRNA) profiles in the diabetic mouse myocardium , and to investigate the effect of circRNA_000203 on fibrotic phenotypes in cardiac fibroblasts .METHODS:Masson trichrome stai-ning was performed on the myocardium of the diabetic db /db mice and the non diabetic db/m control mice .circRNA ex-pression profile in the diabetic myocardium was detected by circRNAs microarray .The expression of circRNA_000203 was determined by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR ( RT-qPCR ) .Recombinant circRNA_000203 adenovirus was pre-pared for enforced the expression of circRNA_000203 in mouse cardiac fibroblasts.The expression of Col1a2, Col3a1andα-SMA was determined in circRNA_000203-modified cardiac fibroblasts , respectively .RESULTS:Masson trichrome stai-ning showed that fibrosis was increased in the diabetic mouse myocardium .The results of circRNA array detection revealed that circRNAs were dysregulated in the diabetic myocardium .circRNA_000203 was up-regulated in the diabetic myocardi-um.Significant over-expression of circRNA_000203 was achieved in the cardiac fibroblasts after infection with the recombi-nant circRNA_000203 adenovirus.The mRNA and protein expression of Col1a2, Col3a1 and α-SMA was significantly in-creased in the cardiac fibroblasts with over-expression of circRNA_000203.CONCLUSION:circRNA_000203 is up-regu-lated in the diabetic mouse myocardium .It has pro-fibrotic effect on the cardiac fibroblasts .

OBJECTIVETo investigate the photocatalytic degradation of gaseous ammonia in static state by using nano-TiO2 as photocatalyst supported on latex paint film under UV-irradiation.

METHODSExperiments were conducted to study the relationship between the initial concentration of ammonia and the degradation products competing to be adsorbed on catalyst surface. Degradation of ammonia and its products were detected by spectrophotometry and catalytic kinetic spectrophotometry, respectively.

RESULTSOn the one hand, TiO2 catalyst was excellent for degradation of ammonia, and the crystal phase of TiO2, anatase or rutile, had little effect on degradation of ammonia, but the conversion of ammonia grew with the increase of catalyst content. On the other hand, apparent rate constant and conversion of ammonia decreased with the increase of initial concentration of ammonia, and the photocatalytic degradation reaction followed a pseudo-first-order expression due to the evidence of linear correlation between -lnC/C0 vs. irradiation time t, but the relationship between initial concentration and the degradation products was not linear in low initial concentration.

CONCLUSIONWhether the photocatalytic degradation of ammonia in static state follows a first-order reaction depends on the initial ammonia concentration due to competition in adsorption between reactant and the degradation products.

Ammonia ; chemistry ; Catalysis ; Gases ; Kinetics ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Paint ; Photochemistry ; Titanium ; chemistry

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of levetiracetam tablet and carbamazepine tablet in the treatment of children's intractable epilepsy.Methods A total of 96 children with intractable epilepsy were randomly divided into control group and treatment group with 48 cases per group.Control group was given carbamazepine 4-8 mg · kg-1 · d-1,tid,oral.Treatment group was given levetiracetam 4 mg · kg-1,bid,the maximum dose was 16 mg · kg-1 at the speed as 4 mg · kg-1 with every 2 weeks.Two groups were treated for 8 months.The clinical efficacy,neurocognitive function test [verbal intelligence quotient(VIQ),performance intelligence quotient (PIQ),total intelligence quotient(TIQ) and short-term visual memory],and adverse drug reactions were compared between two groups.Results After treatment,the total effective rates in treatment and control groups were 87.50％ (42 cases/48 cases) and 79.17％ (38 cases/48 cases) with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the main indexes in treatment and control groups were compared:VIQ were (106.97 ± 5.65) and (95.25 ± 3.28) points,PIQ were (116.45 ± 5.16) and (103.61 ± 2.74) points,TIQ were(119.92 ± 4.69) and(95.20 ± 3.24) points,short-term visual memory were (18.45 ± 2.17) and (13.84 ± 1.81) s,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The adverse drug reactions of two groups were based on emotional,drowsiness,palpitations and dizziness,also,the incidences of adverse drug reactions in treatment and control groups were 12.50％ and 16.67％ without significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Levetiracetam tablet has a definitive clinical efficacy in the treatment of children's intractable epilepsy,which is better than carbamazepine tablet.Levetiracetam tablet can improve the cognitive ability for children's intractable epilepsy,without increasing the incidence of adverse drug reactions.

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the effects of propofol and midazolam on inflammation and oxidase stress in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two ASA class I-II children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly divided into two groups: propofol combined with low dose fentanyl (PF group, n = 16) and midazolam combined with low dose fentanyl (MF group, n = 16). Tracheal extubation time and length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay were recorded. Blood samples were taken before operation (T0), at 2 h after release of the aorta cross-clamp (T3) and at 24 h after operation (T4) to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Myocardium samples were collected at 10-20 min after aorta cross-clamp (T1) and at 10-20 min after the release of the aorta cross-clamp (T2) to detect heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. RESULTS: Tracheal extubation time and length of ICU stay in PF group were significantly shorter than those of the MF group (p < 0.05, respectively). After cardiopulmonary bypass, IL-6, IL-8 and MDA levels were significantly increased, and the SOD level was significantly reduced in both two groups, but PF group exhibited lower IL-6, IL-8 and MDA levels and higher SOD levels than the MF group (p < 0.05, respectively). The HO-1 expression in the PF group was significantly higher than that in MF group at the corresponding time points (p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Propofol is superior to midazolam in reducing inflammation and oxidase stress and in improving post-operation recovery in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery.
Anesthesia, Intravenous/*adverse effects ; Anesthetics, Intravenous/*adverse effects ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures/*adverse effects ; Child ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital/*surgery ; Heme Oxygenase-1/blood ; Humans ; Inflammation/*chemically induced ; Interleukin-6/blood ; Interleukin-8/blood ; Male ; Malondialdehyde/blood ; Midazolam/*adverse effects ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; Propofol/*adverse effects ; Superoxide Dismutase/blood

BACKGROUNDFibrinogen-depleting agents are promising in the treatment of cerebral ischemic disease. They were studied by many trials, and the outcomes were different because of different regimens and different doses. In this study, we assessed the efficacy and safety of defibrase on acute cerebral infarction in China.

METHODSA search using Chinese hospital knowledge database (CHKD) and MEDLINE database for randomized controlled trials was carried out. A CHKD (1994 June 2005) search was performed with the keyword "defibrase", then a second search for the keyword "acute cerebral infarction"; a MEDLINE search (1950 June 2005) was performed with the following keywords: [(cerebral ischemia), OR (acute cerebral infarction), OR (stroke)], AND [defibrase]. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan software 4.2.

RESULTSIncluded were 14 studies comparing the efficiency and safety of defibrase with other drugs in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. Patients' records were pooled (total 646 patients; defibrase, n = 328, no defibrase n = 318). Neurological deficit score (NDS) before treatment showed weighted mean differences (WMD) = 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (-0.60, 2.50), P = 0.23; NDS after treatment showed WMD = -2.20, 95% CI = (-4.21, -0.18), P = 0.03; Barthel index at 3 months showed WMD = 4.45, 95% CI = (-0.13, 9.03), P = 0.06; the plasma fibrinogen level before treatment showed WMD = 0.02, 95% CI = (-0.16, 0.19), P = 0.86; plasma fibrinogen level after treatment showed WMD = -1.51, 95% CI = (-1.88, -1.15), P < 0.00 001.

CONCLUSIONSWith the given dose and regimen of defibrase in China, defibrase may play a role of anticoagulation. It might inhibit the progression of stroke and prevent the recurrence of stroke.

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Batroxobin ; therapeutic use ; Cerebral Infarction ; blood ; drug therapy ; Fibrinogen ; analysis ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo study the antiproliferation effect on HepG2 cells and its underlying mechanism of the active chemical composition of the Viburnum Odoratissimum.

METHODS3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay and trypan blue dye exclusion assay were used to assess the effect of vibsane-type diterpenoids on the proliferation of various tumor cells. Alterations in cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by flowcytometry. The enzymatic activity of caspase-3/7 was measured by Apo-ONE homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Assay kit.

RESULTSCompound 1 #, a vibsane-type diterpenoid, was found to significantly inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells by anticancer proliferation activity screening. It was demonstrated that the modified groups on side chain coupled to C11 site affected the cell growth-inhibition activity of compounds by structure-activity analysis. In addition, HepG2 cell line was most sensitive to compound 1 #, which induced growth arrest of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Study on the mechanisms underlying these effects indicated that compound 1 # induced significant G0/G1 phase arrest of HepG2 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, It was found that higher concentrations of compound (5-10 micromol/L) caused evident increase in the unmber of apoptotic cells and dose-dependent activation of caspase-3/7.

CONCLUSIONVibsane-type diterpenoids could significantly inhibit the growth of HCC HepG2 cells. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis may play important roles in their anticancer effects.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Diterpenes ; pharmacology ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Viburnum ; chemistry

Objective:To explore the active components, targets and mechanism of Guizhi Fuling Pills in the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.Methods:The active components and potential target information of Guizhi Fuling Pills in the treatment of AS was obtained using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), SwissTargetPrediction database and Genecards database. The target protein interaction network was constructed by using STRING database. The DAVID database was used to perform the Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment on potential targets. AutoDockVina and PyMOL software were used to verify the molecular docking of the main active components and key targets of Guizhi Fuling Pills.Results:A total of 74 active components, 239 potential targets and 4 710 AS-related disease targets were screened, and 182 intersection targets were obtained. A total of 484 biological process items, 132 molecular function items and 74 cellular component items were obtained by GO functional enrichment analysis, and 116 signal pathways were screened by KEGG enrichment analysis. The results of molecular docking suggested that the active components of Guizhi Fuling Pills have good binding activity to the key intersection targets.Conclusion:The active components of Guizhi Fuling Pills, such as sitosterol and paeoniflorin, mainly treat AS by regulating estrogen signal pathway and inflammatory signal pathway through TNF, VEGFA and other targets.

BACKGROUNDAtherosclerosis is a complex vascular inflammatory disease. Aspirin is a mainstay in the prevention of vascular complications of atherosclerosis. In this study, the effectiveness of aspirin in suppressing atherosclerosis and the inflammation process was evaluated in rabbits fed with a high fat diet.

METHODSEighteen male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, untreated cholesterol-fed group, aspirin treated cholesterol-fed group, which were fed for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the aorta was harvested for pathologic morphology observation. Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) was performed. The statistical analysis was performed by the statistical program SPSS10.0.

RESULTSThe aorta plaque/intima size (P/I) by pathologic morphology observation was 0%, (59.6 +/- 13.7)% and (36.3 +/- 16.5)% in the control, untreated cholesterol-fed group and aspirin treated group, respectively. The maximum plaque thickness, the degree of artery stenosis and the proportion of the intimal circumference occupied by atheroma of the 3 groups were significantly different from each other (P < 0.01). The expression of COX-2 and macrophage in plaque of the aspirin treated group were decreased compared with that in untreated cholesterol-fed group. However, no difference was found in the expression of VSMC between the aspirin treated and the untreated cholesterol-fed group.

CONCLUSIONThe mechanism of atherosclerosis suppression by aspirin in cholesterol-fed rabbits is related to the inhibition of COX-2 expression together with the reduced inflammation followed by, but not related to the hypolipidemic effects.

Animals ; Aorta ; pathology ; Aspirin ; pharmacology ; Atherosclerosis ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Cholesterol, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; analysis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Rabbits