Objective To analyze the chemical constituents of kumquat essential oil(KEO)and the acute toxicity of KEO in mice. Methods The chemical constituents of KEO were analyzed by GC-MS. After preliminary test, KM mice were randomly divided into control and KEO groups with 20 mice in each group(10 male and 10 female). The doses of KEO were designed with ratio 0.758 between the 100% and 0% mortality amount as 10, 7.60, 5.70, 4.40, 3.30 and 2.50 ml/kg. The acute toxicity was evaluated by examination of the mice for 14 days after single administration of KEO. Results The principal constituents in KEO were α-pinene(0.46%), β-phellandrene(0.11%), β-myrcene(2.34%), D-limonene(95.62%), geranyl acetate(0.10%), β-copaene(0.67%), and γ-elemene (0.13%), which accounted for 99.43% of the total chemical content of KEO. The half-lethal dose(LD50)of KEO in mice by the acute toxicity test was 6.24 ml/kg with the 95% confidence limit of(5.39-7.33)ml/kg in female mice and 5.73 ml/kg with the 95% confidence limit of(4.91-6.79)ml/kg in male mice. The possible toxic target organs were liver, spleen and gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion KEO with the content of D-limonene was obtained from kumquat for the first time, and the toxicity of the KEO was low according to the toxicity classification standard of World Health Organization.

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical effects of Achillon for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture (AATR).

METHODSFrom April 2009 to April 2010, 19 patients with AATR who were treated with Achillon were retrospectively analyzed. There were 17 males and 2 females, with an average age of 40.2 years (30 to 58 years). There were 9 cases of sports injury, and 2 case of fall injury. The time from injury to surgery ranged from 0 to 8 days (2.2 days on average). The results of Thompson test and single heel rise test were positive in 19 cases. Clinical data were assessed with the patient satisfaction and the AOFAS hindfoot score during follow-up.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 12 to 28 months (19.9 months on average). The average operation time was 41 minutes. There were no wound infections, recurrent rupture, or sural nerve complications. At the latest follow-up, 18 patients were totally satisfied with the surgical result, 1 patient feel generally due to mild pain when running. None of the patients were dissatisfied with the final results the latest follow-up. At the latest follow-up, the AOFAS score was 98.42 +/- 3.29 (89 to 100). All the patients regained normal range of motion and were able to resume their previous activities at six months after operation, with a high rate of satisfaction. Average decreased of mid-calf circumference was (0.82 +/- 0.85) cm (ranged from 0 to 3 cm).

CONCLUSIONTreatment with Achillon is safe, effective for AATR with low incidence of complications and early active rehabilitation can be carried out. It is a good method to treat AATR.

Achilles Tendon ; injuries ; surgery ; Acute Disease ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; instrumentation ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture ; Suture Techniques ; instrumentation ; Tendon Injuries ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of total saponin of dioscorea (TSD) on uric acid excretion indicators in chronic hyperuricemia rats, and to study the correlation between blood levels of uric acid (SUA) and uric acid excretion indicators.

METHODSTotally 90 SD male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, i.e., the normal group, the model group, the benzbromarone group (10 mg/kg), the high, middle, and low dose TSD group (300,100, 30 mg/kg, respectively), 15 in each group. The chronic hyperuricemia model was prepared by potassium oxonate (200 mg/kg) and ethambutol (250 mg/kg) except in those of the normal group. All rats were intragastrically administered with corresponding medication once daily for 4 successive weeks since the third week. Contents of SUA and urine uric acid (UUA), serum creatinine (SCr), urine creatinine (UCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urine volume (UV) were measured on day 14 and day 28 respectively. Uric acid excretion indicators [including the amount of 24 h uric acid excretion (24 h UUA), fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA), uric acid clearance (CUr), creatinine clearance (CCr), excretion of uric acid per volume of glomerular filtration (EurGF), and ratio of urinary uric acid to creatinine (UUA/UCr)] were calculated. The correlation between SUA and uric acid excretion indicators was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTScontents of SUA and SCr significantly increased, while the UUA, 24 h UUA, CCr, CUr, FEUA, EurGF, and UUA/UCr significantly decreased in the model group on day 14 and day 28. TSD could dose-dependently reduce the SUA level, significantly increase the UUA, 24 h UUA and CCr, Cur, FEUA, EurGF, showing an approximate effect to that of benzbromarone. But it had no effect on BUN, UCr, UUA/UCr, or UV of hyperuricemia rats. Correlation analysis showed that SUA level was positively correlated with SCr on day 14 and day 28 (r = 0.359, r = 0.306), but negatively correlated with CUr, FEUA, and CCr (r = -0.749 and -0.733; r = -0.669 and -0.646; r = -0.359 and -0.273). SUA level was not correlated with EurGF or UUA/UCr (r = 0.134 and 0.078; r = -0.057 and -0. 065). SUA level was negatively correlated with 24 h UUA on day 14 (r = -0.267), but not correlated with UUA or UCr on day 14. SUA level was negatively correlated with UUA and UCr on day 28 (r = -0.269, r = -0.275), but not correlated with 24 h UUA on day 28.

CONCLUSIONSTSD could promote the excretion of uric acid and significantly increase the excretion of uric acid indicators. SUA was positively correlated with SCr, negatively correlated with Cur, FEUA, and CCr. FEUA and CUr were sensitive indicators of renal excretion of uric acid.

Animals ; Dioscorea ; chemistry ; Hyperuricemia ; drug therapy ; urine ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Uric Acid ; urine

OBJECTIVETo establish a mouse model of Phacute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for providing a valuable tool to facilitate the researches on PhALL.

METHODSCML-like mice were generated by transfection to bone marrow cells of BABL/c with Mig190 retrovirus. The PhALL mouse model was established by infusion of sorted CML like mouse-derived BCR-ABLB cells into the mice of same linege. Immonophenotypes, BCR-ABL transcription and expression of these leukemic cells were detected by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western blot respectively.

RESULTSCML-like presentation appeared in the mice after Mig190 virus transfection. After infusion with sorted BCR-ABLB cells, all the receipted mice eventually presented the clinical signs of acute leukemia. Flow cytometry analysis showed that these leukemic cells were positive for CD19; both RT-PCR and Western blot indicated that this mouse model is consistent with PhALL phenotypecally and molecalarlly.

CONCLUSIONA novel method to establish PhALL mouse model has been developed successfully, and this model can provide useful tool for the study of PhALL.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common and serious microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic renal fibrosis ( DRF) is a major pathological change in the development of DN. In recent years the incidence of renal fibrosis (RF) has remained high. For diabetic patients, RF may expose them to kidney transplantation or even death, which brings a great burden to themselves and their families. Therefore, learning the pathogenesis and the current treat ment status of DRF is crucial for the treatment of the disease and the development of new drugs. Here we review the general situa¬tion of DN, the general situation, molecular mechanism, and the treatment of DRF,looking forward to providing a reference for the research and treatment of DRF.