PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine out risk factors for female breast cancer in a low socioeconomic population in Iran. METHODS: Between 2007 and 2009, a total of 25,592 women who were ensured by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation participated in this screening program. The characteristics of patients diagnosed with breast cancer (n=111) were compared with those of control cases (n=25,481). In this study, we used relogit analysis (rare event logistic regression) with a weighting method using program Zelig. RESULTS: Of 25,592 women, 3.9/1,000 had breast cancer, from which 38 were diagnosed during screening and 73 had already been diagnosed. The mean and standard deviation of age in breast cancer patients and in healthy controls were 49.18+/-8.86 years and 46.65+/-9.40 years, respectively. The findings based on the multivariate model revealed that the past history of ovarian cancer, hormone therapy, and first relatives with breast cancer were associated with increased risk for breast cancer. However, the use of oral contraceptive pills was found to be associated with reduced risk for breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Due to the rarity of the event in the population, relogit with a weighting method was used to investigate the major risk factors for breast cancer. These factors include oral contraceptive pill use, a history of ovarian cancer of the person under study, first relatives with breast cancer and hormone therapy.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: The measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive method to analyze the balance of the autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to compare the changes of HRV and base deficit (BD) during the treatment of trauma patients. METHODS: Forty-three trauma patients with a low injury severity scores (ISS < 24) and negative base excess on admission were included in this study. Based on the BD changes, patients were divided into three groups: 'end pointed' group (n = 13), patients' BDs instantly cleared after primary hydration; 'needs further resuscitation' group (n = 21), patients' BDs did not reach the end point and thus required further hydration or packed red blood cells transfusion; and 'hydration minimal change' group (n = 9), patients' BDs lower than 2.5 mmol/L at the onset of admission and thereafter had minimal change (near normal range). The changes in HRV during fluid resuscitation were detected and compared to BD changes in their arterial blood gases. All data were analysed using the SPSS software Version 15.0. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the changes in HRV, heart rate, blood pressure, and BD among groups. RESULTS: A significant reverse correlation was found between the BD ratio and the HRV ratio (r = -0.562; p = 0.01). The HRV of patients with aggravated BDs after fluid resuscitation was decreased. There was an increase in HRV at the time of BD clearance. A decrease in HRV after primary crystalloid hydration bore a significant connection with the need for an ICU (p = 0.021) and transfusion of packed red blood cells (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Increase in HRV may be a new non-invasive index for the end point of resuscitation in trauma patients.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Autonomic Nervous System ; physiopathology ; Crystalloid Solutions ; administration & dosage ; Fluid Therapy ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Middle Aged ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Wounds and Injuries ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThere is increasing interest in complementary and alternative medicine generally, and especially by those affected by chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. We aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of complementary and alternative medicine use among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in Shiraz, southern Iran. Another objective was to explore associated factors for use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with diabetes mellitus.

METHODSA 19-item semi-structured questionnaire (open- and close-ended) was administered to 239 patients with diabetes mellitus in this cross-sectional study. It was carried out in two outpatient diabetes clinics affiliated with the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

RESULTSOne hundred and eighty patients (75.3%) used at least one type of complementary and alternative medicine in the last year prior to the interview. Patients with diabetes mellitus who were living in a large family (≥5 members), not taking insulin, and believed that complementary and alternative medicine have synergistic effects with conventional medicine, were independently and significantly (P values: 0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively) more likely to use complementary and alternative medicine. Most of the users (97.7%) reported use of herbal preparations, and 89.4% of users did not change their medication, neither in medication schedule nor its dosage.

CONCLUSIONThe use of complementary and alternative medicine, especially herbal remedies, is popular among diabetes patients in Shiraz, Iran. This use is associated with patients' family size, type of conventional medications and their view about concomitant use of complementary and conventional medicine.

Adult ; Aged ; Complementary Therapies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Iran ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy