BACKGROUND: An important concern of intra-operative infusion of remifentanil is the possible development of acute opioid tolerance, which manifests as an increased postoperative analgesia requirement. We have examined the effect of the timing of intra operative morphine administration on the need for morphine consumption for pain control during the first 24 hours after operation. METHODS: Sixty adult patients scheduled for elective open unilateral nephrolithotomy surgery were recruited for this prospective randomized double-blind study. Anesthesia was induced with 0.03 mg/kg midazolam, 1 microg/kg remifentanil, and 1.5-2 mg/kg propofol. Anesthesia was maintained with 100 microg/kg/min propofol, and 0.25 microg/kg/min remifentanil. Both groups received 0.1 mg/kg morphine intravenously at 2 different times; in the first group (group E) immediately after intubation and in the second group (group L) 20-30 min before the anticipated end of operation. RESULTS: There was no difference in pain scores at awakening, the amount of morphine given to the 2 groups for pain control, or the time to discharge from PACU between the 2 groups. The pain scores at admission to ward and at every 4 hours thereafter, until 24 hours, were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The cumulative amount of the first 24 hours morphine consumption in the ward in E group was 28.2 +/- 20.1 mg and 26.5 +/- 15 mg in L group, respectively (P = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Early intra-operative administration of morphine compared to that of morphine in the end of surgery did not affect postoperative morphine consumption and pain scores during the first 24 hours after surgery for open nephrolithotomy. Newer pharmacologic interventions for prevention of acute tolerance of opioids seems rational (Clinical trial registration No. ACTRN: 12609000570280).
Adult ; Analgesia ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Anesthesia ; Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Intubation ; Midazolam ; Morphine ; Pain, Postoperative ; Piperidines ; Propofol ; Prospective Studies