Background: In recent years the sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam is imbalanced, with the number of male births being higher than that of female births. Objectives: To describe the trend and distribution of sex ratio at birth by time and geography, and investigate the relationship between sex ratio at birth and abortion ratio in 2006. Subjects and method: The study was conducted in 3.840 communal health stations, 723 district hospitals/polyclinics and 132 provincial and central hospitals with total of 1,095,064 births, occupied 78% of births over the nation in 2006. Result: The male/female sex ratio varies between areas, with the ratio being higher in rural than in urban and higher in the North \u2013East and North-Central regions than in the rest of country (p<0.05). Conclusion: There has been the clear imbalance of sex ratio at birth since 2002 (varying from 110 to 113), as well as the significant imbalance of sex ratio at birth by provinces. High imbalance of sex ratio at birth is related to the high abortion rate in these provinces. Viet Nam needs to implement strong measures/actions to avoid the same situation as in China and India.
Sex ratio at birth

No abstract available.
Chungcheongnam-do* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Sex Ratio*

No abstract available.
Daegu* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Sex Ratio*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to find out the difference in between the anatomic properties children with intermittent exotropia and children with orthophoria. METHODS: The intermittent exotropia group consisted of 35 patients who had an angle of deviation of more than 15 prisms. The control group consisted of 35 orthophoric children with comparable age and sex ratio. From the view of skull AP, we compared the diameter, interlateral wall distance, and intermedial wall distance of the orbital rim. Also we compared the intercanthal distance, interlateral canthal distance of eyelids, and interpupillary distance. RESULTS: The average values of interpupillary distance, intercanthal distance, and interlateral canthal distance of exotropic group were 54.23+/-1.85 mm, 34.75+/-1.66 mm, and 78.25+/-4.21 mm, respectively. Compared to those of control group, which were 53.59+/-1.21 mm, 33.56+/-1.54 mm, and 76.68+/-3.23 mm, respectively, there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The average values of the diameter, interlateral wall distance and the intermedial wall distance of the orbital rim were not significantly different between two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the anatomic properties including orbital rim size and orbital exodeviation did not seen to influence the development of intermittent exotropia.
Child ; Exotropia* ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Orbit ; Sex Ratio ; Skull

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of topical anesthesia combined with patient-controlled sedation analgesia for posterior vitrectomy. METHODS: All patients requiring vitrectomy from December 2003 to January 2004 at Seoul National University Hospital underwent surgery with topical anesthesia combined with patient-controlled sedation analgesia. The levels of intraoperative pain and sedation were recorded. The associations of operation time, combined vitreoretinal procedures, and age with intraoperative pain were investigated. Hemodynamic instability and respiratory depression were checked throughout the operation. RESULTS: Forty-three patients (53 eyes) underwent vitrectomy under topical anesthesia combined with patient-controlled sedation analgesia. The mean age was 51.75 +/- 13.68 years and the sex ratio was 25: 28 (male: female). The mean of VAS (visual analogue scale) was 53.61 (5 ~ 67). The level of intraoperative sedation was grade 1 (64%) or 2 (36%). No anesthesia-associated complications were found. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of relatively high VAS, there were no remarkable difficulties in performing posterior vitrectomy and appropriate levels of intraoperative sedation and cooperation were available without anesthesia-associated complications.
Analgesia* ; Anesthesia* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Seoul ; Sex Ratio ; Vitrectomy*

A clinical study was conducted to compare effectiveness of IV Globulin with that of steriod in childhood acute ITP. We carried out an experiment to 36 patients of acute ITP who recovered over 50.000/mm(3) of platelet count and not to recur in 6 months. Study group consist of 10 children who were treated with steriod only (Group A), 13 children who were treated with IV Globulin (0.4g/kg/d, 5 days, Group B), and 13 children combined with steroid (Group C) Study period was from January 1988 to December 1992, folllowing results were obtained. 1) There were no significant difference in sex ratio. age distribution, pretreatment hemoglobin level, platelet count and prolonged bleeding time among study groups. 2) The days which platelet count reached to 50.000/mm(3), 100,000/mm(3) were 3.7 days (Group A), 2.1 days (Group B), and 2.3 days (Group C), respectively (p<0.05). 3) Complete response rates within 4 weeks did not show significant difference (90% in Group A, 84.6% in Group B, 92.3% in Group C), the complete response rate within 1 week were significantly different among three group (44.4% in Group A, 90.9% in Group B, 83.3% in Group C)(p<0.05). In conclusion, it is more desirable for early treatment of a childhood ITP because IV Globulin is easy to normalize platelet count in a short time.
Age Distribution ; Bleeding Time ; Child ; Humans ; Platelet Count ; Sex Ratio

PURPOSE: We peformed endoscopic thyroidectomy and open thyroidectomy during the same period. In this study, we analyzed the result (merits and demerits) between endoscopic procedure and open procedure. METHODS: From Aug. 2003 to Aug. 2004, each procedure was performed in 92 patients. Conventional open thyroidectomy was underwent in 50 patients and endoscopic thyroidectomy was underwent in 42 patients. We performed the endoscopic thyroidectomy using breast approach. The 2 incisions, which could use 12 mm ports were placed on the areolar area of the breast as a circumferential fashion. The remaining 1 incision, which could use 5 mm port was placed on the right subclavicular area, 3~4 cm below right clavicle. We used 25 degree, a rigid laparoscope with 5 mm Hg of CO2 insufflation pressure. We also compared the results of mean ages and sex ratio, pathologic diagnosis, extent of operation, mean hospital day, mean operation time between open surgery group and endoscopic thyroidectomy group. RESULTS: We found that the mean age in the endoscopic group was younger, inversely the operation time was longer than in the open surgery group significantly (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the other results between two groups (P>0.05). The endoscopic group in the aspect of cosmetic was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: We could perform the endoscopic thyroidectomy safely and feasibly. The endoscopic surgery was cosmetically satisfactory. We expect it can increase the extent of surgery.
Breast ; Clavicle ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Insufflation ; Laparoscopes ; Sex Ratio ; Thyroidectomy*

122 cases of the genitourinary tract tumors admitted to the Department of Urology, National Medical Center, during the period, Aug. 1968 to July 1975 and the followings are the results. 1. 122-cases(12.8%) were tumor patient among 954 (male 702, female 252) Total admitted patients during 7 years. 2. Age distribution was from 5 months to 83 years showing the highest incidence in the 7th decade (30.3%) and cases over 41 years of age were 99(81.1%) 3. Sex ratio of male and female was 5.4:1(103:19) 4. In 122 cases, 42 cases{34.4%) were benign, 77 cases(63. 1%) were malignant and remainders were uncertain pathologically. 5. Among 122 cases, 57 cases(46.7%) were vesical, 35 cases(28.7%) prostatic, 19 cases(15.6%) renal, 5 cases(4.1%) penile. 3 cases(2.5%) testicular and 3 cases(2.5%) were urethral tumors. 6. Operations were performed in 114 patients (93.5%).
Age Distribution ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Sex Ratio ; Urology

PURPOSE: We aimed to identify the need for an adjunctive internal sphincterotomy based on an evaluation of the changes in the symptoms and manometric results after a hemorrhoidectomy for hemorrhoids with difficulty in evacuation. METHODS: Twenty-five (25) patients who had hemorrhoids with difficulty in evacuation and 13 patients who had hemorrhoids without difficulty in evacuation were prospectively evaluated. Patients were interviewed about symptoms and underwent anorectal manometry before and 2 months after surgery. Difficulty in evacuation is defined as the difficulty that a patient has when trying to evacuate the rectum. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the sex ratio, the frequency of bowel movements, and the duration of bowel movements between the two groups (P<0.05). In cases with difficulty in evacuation, the frequency of bowel movements was significantly higher postoperatively and the duration of bowel movements was significantly shorter (P<0.05). The symptom of difficulty in evacuation disappeared in 21 of the as patients experiencing such a symptom, and was improved in the remaining of patients (P<0.05). Following the hemorrhoidectomy for the patients with difficulty in evacuation in the mean and the maximum resting pressure, and the maximum squeeze pressure decreased significantly (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An adjunctive internal sphincterotomy was not necessary for patients who had hemorrhoids with difficulty in evacuation because following the hemorrhoidectomy, the resting pressure was significantly decreased, and the difficulty in evacuation had nearly subsided.
Hemorrhoidectomy* ; Hemorrhoids* ; Humans ; Manometry ; Prospective Studies ; Rectum ; Sex Ratio

During the four-year period from 1954 to 1958, a roentgenological and morphological study of the paranasal sinuses in Koreans, especially of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, was made. In these studies, postero-anterior and lateral radiograph, life-size, of the normal frontal and maxillary sinuses were measured to obtain standard values for the Korean peop1e, together with their sex ratio, age distribution, and septal features of the sinuses.
Age Distribution ; Maxillary Sinus ; Paranasal Sinuses* ; Sex Ratio