Background: In recent years the sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam is imbalanced, with the number of male births being higher than that of female births. Objectives: To describe the trend and distribution of sex ratio at birth by time and geography, and investigate the relationship between sex ratio at birth and abortion ratio in 2006. Subjects and method: The study was conducted in 3.840 communal health stations, 723 district hospitals/polyclinics and 132 provincial and central hospitals with total of 1,095,064 births, occupied 78% of births over the nation in 2006. Result: The male/female sex ratio varies between areas, with the ratio being higher in rural than in urban and higher in the North \u2013East and North-Central regions than in the rest of country (p<0.05). Conclusion: There has been the clear imbalance of sex ratio at birth since 2002 (varying from 110 to 113), as well as the significant imbalance of sex ratio at birth by provinces. High imbalance of sex ratio at birth is related to the high abortion rate in these provinces. Viet Nam needs to implement strong measures/actions to avoid the same situation as in China and India.
Sex ratio at birth

No abstract available.
Daegu* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Sex Ratio*

No abstract available.
Chungcheongnam-do* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Sex Ratio*

Total 48 cases of the patients of neonatal tetanus, who were admitted and evaluated in our pedi dept from JAN. 1970 to Dec. 1975 and from Jan to Dec. 1979, are summerized with following result. 1) The number of patients yearly means were about 6~7 cases and the over all motality was 48.4%. 2) The sex ratio was 2:1(male: female). 3) Home delivary without sanitory facilities was most common(90%), but 3 cases was delivered at hospital. 4) The most of umbilical cords were cutted by unsterilized scissors(77.5%). 5) The most common symptoms on admission were poor feeding(97.7%), convulsion(93.8%), and trismus(91.7%). 6) The mean of incubation period was 7 days and the longer the incubation period was, the better the prognosis was. 7) The higher the temperature was, the worse the prognosis was. 8) The most of patients were admitted within one day and the earlier admitted cases were, the poorer the condition of baby was. 9) The most of hospital stay in expired cases was about 1~2days. 10) The peripheral blood finding on admission revealed leukocytosis(78%).
Humans ; Length of Stay ; Prognosis ; Sex Ratio ; Tetanus* ; Umbilical Cord

It is known that pediatric inguinal hernia is caused by the incomplete closure of processus vaginalis (PV). In the case of unilateral hernia, possibile contralateral patent PV should be considered because of its delayed appearance as well as its risk of incarceration. Direct visualization of patent PV could be done by contralateral exploration or by indirect exploration through the ipsilateral opening site of the affected hernia assisted with laparoscope. A patient group (321 persons) to whom laparoscopy was not performed from March 2000 to March 2003 was analyzed and compared with a patient group (280 persons) to whom laparoscopy was performed from April 2003 to September 2005. With all 601 patients, the sex ratio (male/female) of patients was 3.8:1. The side distribution was 57.7% in the right, 32.1% in the left and 10.1% in bilateral. There was no difference of sex and side distribution between before and after laparosopy adoption. We did not find an age correlation in natural closure of the residual PV of the peritoneum. Contralateral hernia developed in 14 persons (2.5%) after the operation of unilateral inguinal hernia before laparoscope adoption. But no contralateral hernia developed after April 2003 with laparoscopy. We think that if we use laparoscopy, being a safe and accurate method, to check whether the contralateral residual PV is opened or closed, possible future contralateral operation can be avoided.
Hernia ; Hernia, Inguinal ; Humans ; Laparoscopes ; Laparoscopy ; Peritoneum ; Sex Ratio

PURPOSE: We peformed endoscopic thyroidectomy and open thyroidectomy during the same period. In this study, we analyzed the result (merits and demerits) between endoscopic procedure and open procedure. METHODS: From Aug. 2003 to Aug. 2004, each procedure was performed in 92 patients. Conventional open thyroidectomy was underwent in 50 patients and endoscopic thyroidectomy was underwent in 42 patients. We performed the endoscopic thyroidectomy using breast approach. The 2 incisions, which could use 12 mm ports were placed on the areolar area of the breast as a circumferential fashion. The remaining 1 incision, which could use 5 mm port was placed on the right subclavicular area, 3~4 cm below right clavicle. We used 25 degree, a rigid laparoscope with 5 mm Hg of CO2 insufflation pressure. We also compared the results of mean ages and sex ratio, pathologic diagnosis, extent of operation, mean hospital day, mean operation time between open surgery group and endoscopic thyroidectomy group. RESULTS: We found that the mean age in the endoscopic group was younger, inversely the operation time was longer than in the open surgery group significantly (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the other results between two groups (P>0.05). The endoscopic group in the aspect of cosmetic was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: We could perform the endoscopic thyroidectomy safely and feasibly. The endoscopic surgery was cosmetically satisfactory. We expect it can increase the extent of surgery.
Breast ; Clavicle ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Insufflation ; Laparoscopes ; Sex Ratio ; Thyroidectomy*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to find out the difference in between the anatomic properties children with intermittent exotropia and children with orthophoria. METHODS: The intermittent exotropia group consisted of 35 patients who had an angle of deviation of more than 15 prisms. The control group consisted of 35 orthophoric children with comparable age and sex ratio. From the view of skull AP, we compared the diameter, interlateral wall distance, and intermedial wall distance of the orbital rim. Also we compared the intercanthal distance, interlateral canthal distance of eyelids, and interpupillary distance. RESULTS: The average values of interpupillary distance, intercanthal distance, and interlateral canthal distance of exotropic group were 54.23+/-1.85 mm, 34.75+/-1.66 mm, and 78.25+/-4.21 mm, respectively. Compared to those of control group, which were 53.59+/-1.21 mm, 33.56+/-1.54 mm, and 76.68+/-3.23 mm, respectively, there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The average values of the diameter, interlateral wall distance and the intermedial wall distance of the orbital rim were not significantly different between two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the anatomic properties including orbital rim size and orbital exodeviation did not seen to influence the development of intermittent exotropia.
Child ; Exotropia* ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Orbit ; Sex Ratio ; Skull

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of topical anesthesia combined with patient-controlled sedation analgesia for posterior vitrectomy. METHODS: All patients requiring vitrectomy from December 2003 to January 2004 at Seoul National University Hospital underwent surgery with topical anesthesia combined with patient-controlled sedation analgesia. The levels of intraoperative pain and sedation were recorded. The associations of operation time, combined vitreoretinal procedures, and age with intraoperative pain were investigated. Hemodynamic instability and respiratory depression were checked throughout the operation. RESULTS: Forty-three patients (53 eyes) underwent vitrectomy under topical anesthesia combined with patient-controlled sedation analgesia. The mean age was 51.75 +/- 13.68 years and the sex ratio was 25: 28 (male: female). The mean of VAS (visual analogue scale) was 53.61 (5 ~ 67). The level of intraoperative sedation was grade 1 (64%) or 2 (36%). No anesthesia-associated complications were found. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of relatively high VAS, there were no remarkable difficulties in performing posterior vitrectomy and appropriate levels of intraoperative sedation and cooperation were available without anesthesia-associated complications.
Analgesia* ; Anesthesia* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Seoul ; Sex Ratio ; Vitrectomy*

During the four-year period from 1954 to 1958, a roentgenological and morphological study of the paranasal sinuses in Koreans, especially of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, was made. In these studies, postero-anterior and lateral radiograph, life-size, of the normal frontal and maxillary sinuses were measured to obtain standard values for the Korean peop1e, together with their sex ratio, age distribution, and septal features of the sinuses.
Age Distribution ; Maxillary Sinus ; Paranasal Sinuses* ; Sex Ratio

A clinical study was conducted to compare effectiveness of IV Globulin with that of steriod in childhood acute ITP. We carried out an experiment to 36 patients of acute ITP who recovered over 50.000/mm(3) of platelet count and not to recur in 6 months. Study group consist of 10 children who were treated with steriod only (Group A), 13 children who were treated with IV Globulin (0.4g/kg/d, 5 days, Group B), and 13 children combined with steroid (Group C) Study period was from January 1988 to December 1992, folllowing results were obtained. 1) There were no significant difference in sex ratio. age distribution, pretreatment hemoglobin level, platelet count and prolonged bleeding time among study groups. 2) The days which platelet count reached to 50.000/mm(3), 100,000/mm(3) were 3.7 days (Group A), 2.1 days (Group B), and 2.3 days (Group C), respectively (p<0.05). 3) Complete response rates within 4 weeks did not show significant difference (90% in Group A, 84.6% in Group B, 92.3% in Group C), the complete response rate within 1 week were significantly different among three group (44.4% in Group A, 90.9% in Group B, 83.3% in Group C)(p<0.05). In conclusion, it is more desirable for early treatment of a childhood ITP because IV Globulin is easy to normalize platelet count in a short time.
Age Distribution ; Bleeding Time ; Child ; Humans ; Platelet Count ; Sex Ratio