Children who have been raped some years back may have hymenal scars. However, medical professionals are not accustomed in assessing these scars because of the lack of experience in performing physical examinations of the external genitalia of children who suffered from rape some years back. Moreover, the importance of physical examination of the victim's external genitalia is sometimes overlooked. Two cases of rape victims with hymenal scars who visited Daegu Child Sexual Abuse Response Center several years after their first sexual abuse along with a literature review are presented here.
Child Abuse, Sexual ; Child* ; Cicatrix* ; Daegu ; Female ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Hymen* ; Physical Examination ; Rape* ; Sex Offenses

PURPOSE: This study was done to provide basic data for sexual abuse prevention programs for elementary school students by comparing stated needs of the students and teachers. METHODS: The participants were 4th, 5th, and 6th grade elementary school students and elementary school teachers. Data from questionnaires completed by 1,372 students and 162 teachers were analyzed. RESULTS: 1) The mean scores for felt need for sexual abuse prevention education was relatively high in both of the elementary school student and teacher groups but there was a significant difference between the two groups (t=15.28, p<.001). 2) In the elementary school students, there was a significant difference in the degree of need for sexual abuse prevention education according to father's educational level (t=2.89, p=.004), experience of sexual education (t=3.11, p=.006), and recognition of the necessity of sexual abuse education (t=7.56, p<.001). 3) In the elementary school teachers, there was no significant difference in the degree of need for sexual abuse prevention education according to the participants' socio-demographic and sexual abuse prevention education related characteristics. CONCLUSION: When planning educational programs on child sexual abuse prevention, needs of the elementary school students should be considered. Then, the educational program at school would be more effective.
Child ; Child Abuse ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; Education* ; Humans ; Sex Offenses*

INTRODUCTION: Child abuse, sexual and domestic violence are among the most destructive experiences afflicting women and children that result to physical, behavioral, psychological and economic consequences. Physicians in the front line need to be sensitive and vigilant in identifying both overt and subtle signs of these violations. As such, identification of victims is vital to prevent further abuse and injury, as well as to manage the patient holistically.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the skill of Family Medicine (FM) residents in detecting cases of violence against women and children (VAWC).
METHODS: Eight case scenarios were presented to 48 resident trainees from government and private hospitals in Metro Manila. They were tasked to identify cases pertaining to VAWC, and distinguish the case type.
RESULTS: Red flags that were easily detected by more than 80% of trainees were cases of physical abuse towards men, and neglect. Circumstances with moderate challenge were sexual harassment, rape, and abandonment, in that order. On the other hand, respondents had inadequacy in detecting cases of sexual abuse and physical abuse towards children; while the most difficult to recognize was emotional abuse.
CONCLUSION: Acquisition of this new skill set may prove beneficial in providing the ideal environment for proper management and support provision for the VAWC subjects. Lack of knowledge and training in this rising societal and health threat may cause underdiagnosis of common VAWC presentations. Consequently, this leads to failure of identification, assessment, documentation, and management of such patients.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Sexual Harassment ; Rape ; Physical Abuse ; Domestic Violence ; Child Abuse ; Sex Offenses ; Surveys And Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study is attempted to figure out the characteristics of sexual abuse victimization in low- and high-grade elementary school children and furthermore to help develop appropriate preventive educational programs against sexual abuse by grade. METHODS: Data were collected from 156 sexual abuse victims who were elementary school children and visited the Child Sexual Abuse Response Center in D City during the period from 2010 to 2012. Differences in general and victimization-related characteristics between low and high graders and the correlations among the characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: The results showed statistically significant difference between low and high graders in two variables: offender-victim relationship, and the type of sexual abuse. Offender-victim relationship was in a significant correlation with the duration of victimization (r=.576, p<.001), frequency of abuse (r=.546, p<.001), location (r=-.479, p<.001), and time (r=.435, p<.001). The type of sexual abuse was in a significant correlation with frequency (r=.175, p=.029) and time (r=.261, p=.001). CONCLUSION: Appropriate educational programs should be developed for preventing sexual assaults in consideration of difference in victimization-related characteristics between low and high graders. In addition, such programs should be applied fittingly to the learners'grade, gender, and cognitive level.
Child Abuse, Sexual ; Child* ; Crime Victims* ; Humans ; Sex Offenses*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the characteristics of victim and sexual abuse on posttraumatic psychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents with a history of sexual abuse. METHODS: A total of 137 children and adolescents were recruited from the Seoul Sunflower Children Center, a nation-funded sexual violence victim protection center, from January 2009 to December 2013. We collected the demographic data of the victims and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) from victims. We hypothesized victims' age, sex, and intelligence quotient, and the characteristics of sexual abuse as the affecting factors of posttraumatic psychiatric symptoms. Descriptive analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were performed for analysis of demographic data, TSCC scores, and psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS: The victims' age and the characteristics of sexual abuse were significantly related to the traumatic distress of sexual abuse. R-square was 23% for anxiety, 39% for depression, 21% for posttraumatic stress, and 37% for dissociation on TSCC. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that victims' age, type, frequency and duration of exposure, and disclosure of sexual abuse are significant affecting factors on posttraumatic psychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents. Exploration of psychiatric symptoms other than posttraumatic symptoms, and relations between pretraumatic and posttraumatic psychiatric symptoms is needed through collection of larger samples.
Adolescent* ; Anxiety ; Checklist ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; Child* ; Depression ; Disclosure ; Helianthus ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Psychopathology ; Seoul ; Sex Offenses*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors related to the disclosure patterns of sexual abuse in children and adolescent victims. METHODS: A sample of 153 children and adolescents who visited the Sunflower children's Center (Incheon) between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2012 were analyzed. The medical records of the victims were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Ninety (58.8%) subjects made a disclosure of sexual abuse voluntarily. The revelation was most commonly made to a parent. The severity and duration of sexual abuse were related to the disclosure patterns. In addition, the group that displayed below average intelligence, particularly subjects in the group with borderline intellectual functioning, tended to disclose their history of abuse less voluntarily than the subjects with normal intelligence. CONCLUSION: The current study provides insight into the factors that affect disclosure patterns in children and adolescent sexual abuse victims. To prevent sexual abuse, we suggest that special legal assistance and social concern be required for children and adolescents with borderline intellectual functioning.
Adolescent* ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; Child* ; Disclosure* ; Helianthus ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Medical Records ; Parents ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Offenses*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review sexual abuse prevention education program for Korean elementary school students.METHODS: Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methods were used and Gough's weight of evidence was employed as a quality appraisal tool. Articles published in Korean or English were identified through electronic search engines and scholarly web sites using three keywords: “elementary school student”, “sexual abuse”, and “prevention education”. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2018 were included in this review.RESULTS: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and were appraised as being high-quality. Among the 12 selected studies, seven were descriptive, while five were intervention studies. Sexual abuse prevention education programs were effective in improving perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors among elementary school students. However, deficiencies were found in the variety of educational methods, utilization of experts, and standardization of the content of sexual abuse prevention education.CONCLUSION: We need to provide various educational methods that are appropriate for specific developmental stages, and the sexual abuse prevention content should draw upon the current sexual education program administered to this population. Furthermore, parents and trained teachers or school health teachers should be included to provide effective education programs for elementary students.
Child ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Parents ; School Health Services ; Search Engine ; Sex Offenses

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a sexual violence counselor program on knowledge toward sexual violence, sexual autonomy and rape myths. METHOD: One group, pretest-posttest design was used. The program was delivered to thirty-three persons during 10 weeks for a total of 65 hours. RESULTS: After the program, knowledge toward sexual violence increased significantly from 11.6 to 12.5(t=-2.10, p<.05), and sexual autonomy increased significantly from 50.6 to 53.7(t=-2.35, p<.05). After the program, rape myths decreased significantly from 42.4 to 29.0(t=7.80, p<.001). CONCLUSION: A sexual violence counselor program was effective to increase knowledge toward sexual violence and sexual autonomy and to diminish rape myths.
Counseling* ; Humans ; Rape* ; Sex Offenses* ; Violence

Because violent injury have increased in recent years, the sexual assault, or rape, is a significant and serious crime in our society. It is important that the physician be knowledgeable about the management of sexual assault victims. The role of physician evaluating the sexual assault victims has both medical and legal. The goals of intervention of sexual assault include identification and treatment of injury and infection, pregnancy prevention, evidence collection, and psychological assessment. Care violently injured victims that follows these guidelines is likely to ease assess and manage the patients and to promote patient's physical and psychological recovery.
Crime ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Rape ; Sex Offenses

SUMMARY Introduction: Aimed at providing integrated multi-level crisis intervention to women experiencing violence such as rape, One Stop Crisis Centre (OSCC) in Malaysia is often located in the emergency department. Hence, it is imperative that emergency department healthcare providers possess adequate knowledge and acceptable attitudes and practices to ensure the smooth running of an efficient OSCC work process. Method: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of rape management in OSCC among four groups of healthcare providers in the emergency department [i.e., the emergency medicine doctors (EDs), the staff nurses (SNs), the medical assistants (MAs) and the hospital attendants (HAs)], a selfadministered questionnaire in the form of Likert scale was conducted from January to October 2013. Correct or favourable responses were scored appropriately. Results: Out of the 159 participants invited, 110 responded (69.2% response rate). As all data sets in the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice sections are non-parametric, KruskalWallis test was performed. Homogeneity of variance was verified using non-parametric Levene test. In all three sections, there are statistically significant differences in scores obtained among the four groups of healthcare providers with H(3) = 16.0, p<0.001 for Knowledge, H(3) = 27.1, p<0.001 for Attitude and H(3) = 15.8, p<0.001 for Practice sections. Generally, the SNs obtained the highest mean rank score in the knowledge and practice sections but the EDs obtained the highest mean rank score in the attitude section. Some of the responses implied that our healthcare providers have the victim-blaming tendency that can negatively impact the victims. Conclusion: Healthcare providers must not only have adequate knowledge but also the non-judgemental attitude towards victims in OSCC.
Emergency Service, Hospital ; Sex Offenses ; Rape