Purpose: This study was intended to analyze the contents and effects of Respiratory Rehabilitation Programs (RRP) in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) through a systematic review. Methods: We analyzed English studies across PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE and also analyzed Korean studies across DBPia, NDSL, KISS and RISS from 2009 and 2018. In the paper analysis, two researchers independently analyzed the selected literature and examined the RRP of SCI in 15 elements. Results: Thirteen papers included in this study, which were met the inclusion criteria, were analyzed by classifying the participant's characteristics, types and contents of RRP, indicators of respiratory function, and training tools. The types of RRP were classified into inspiratory muscle training, expiratory muscle training, and combined training. The operation time was basically 4 weeks or more, and the RRP effect was significant when it applied more than 1,000 minutes. Respiratory function test was divided into lung function and respiratory muscle strength. In most studies, lung function index was commonly evaluated, and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) were used most frequently. The training tools were shown as portable devices and equipment. Conclusion This study detailed the contents and effects of RRP for SCI. This finding can help clinical research and development.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate factors associated with depression during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine. Methods: An online survey was done to assess depression of the individuals living in Seoul, who were under quarantine due to COVID-19 between October and December 2020. A total of 1,139 individuals were included in our analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate factors contributing to depression during COVID-19 quarantine. Results: The prevalence of depression among the participants was 8.5% (women 11.1%, men 5.8%). Our regression analyses showed that pre-existing depression, women, perceived support, correct understanding of the rationale for quarantine, and understanding of quarantine instructions were significantly associated with the likelihood of depression during quarantine due to COVID-19. Conclusion The findings suggest that it is necessary to develop and implement a preemptive measure focusing on vulnerable groups such as women or people with pre-existing depression to prevent depression during quarantine. In addition, this study confirmed that active and efficient communication by the health authorities is essential to better understand the purpose and instructions of quarantine, which is also effective in preventing depressive symptoms during quarantine.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in plantar pressure distribution between a normal gait and unpredictable slip events to predict the initiation of the slipping process. METHODS: Eleven male participants were enrolled. Subjects walked onto a wooden tile, and two layers of oily vinyl sheet were placed on the expected spot of the 4th step to induce a slip. An insole pressure-measuring system was used to monitor plantar pressure distribution. This system measured plantar pressure in four regions (the toes, metatarsal head, arch, and heel) for three events: the step during normal gait; the recovered step, when the subject recovered from a slip; and the uncorrected, harmful slipped step. Four variables were analyzed: peak pressure (PP), contact time (CT), the pressure-time integral (PTI), and the instant of peak pressure (IPP). RESULTS: The plantar pressure pattern in the heel was unique, as compared with other parts of the sole. In the heel, PP, CT, and PTI values were high in slipped and recovered steps compared with normal steps. The IPP differed markedly among the three steps. The IPPs in the heel for the three events were, in descending order (from latest to earliest), slipped, recovered, and normal steps, whereas in the other regions the order was normal, recovered, and slipped steps. Finally, the metatarsal head-to-heel IPP ratios for the normal, recovered, and slipped steps were 6.1+/-2.9, 3.1+/-3.0, and 2.2+/-2.5, respectively. CONCLUSION: A distinctive plantar pressure pattern in the heel might be useful for early detection of a slip event to prevent slip-related injuries.
Accident Prevention ; Accidental Falls ; Foot ; Gait ; Head ; Heel ; Humans ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones ; Toes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Surgical treatment is considered as a secondary treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study was performed to determine whether surgical treatment can be considered in patients with moderate-severe OSA as a treatment modality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 127 patients with moderate-severe OSA were retrospectively enrolled. The anatomic narrowing sites were mainly evaluated using cephalometry and drug induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), and then multi-level surgeries were performed. RESULTS: Both uvula and soft palate were the most frequent narrowing sites and a total of 110 patients showed upper airway narrowing more than two anatomic structures. A total of 79 patients (62.1%) were categorized as responders and 48 patients (39.1%) were non-responders. After multi-level sleep surgeries, patients' subjective symptoms and sleep parameters were significantly improved. However, AHI was not considerably decreased. Non-responders to sleep surgeries showed relatively higher rates of severe OSA and body mass index. Tongue base narrowing, incomplete corrections of nasal pathologies and soft palate were significant factors for lower success rates. CONCLUSION: We estimate that sleep surgery might be a therapeutic option for moderate to severe patients with OSA. A delicate pre-operative evaluation for upper airway narrowing is necessary to adapt sleep surgery to these patients.
Body Mass Index ; Cephalometry ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Palate, Soft ; Pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Tongue ; Treatment Outcome* ; Uvula

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the nursing activities of registered nurses working in rehabilitation units, and to investigate the application of the health insurance fee for each nursing practice. Methods: Using the Delphi survey method, nursing activities were analyzed as job-task-task elements. Then, the status of the application of health insurance fees was investigated for the task elements according to National Health Insurance Benefit. Results: 15 jobs, 61 tasks, and 290 task elements were derived as nursing activities in rehabilitation units.According to the opinion by the expert panel, Among the 290 task elements, 166 (57.2%) out of 290 take elements should be accepted as insurance fees (fee agreement CVR≥0.56). However, the health insurance was applied to only 40 items (24.1%) for nursing management fees, 25 items for nursing care (15.1%), and 26 items for other rehabilitation related medical fees (15.7%). 82 items (49.4%) were not covered by insurance, and most educational interventions were not covered. Conclusion To provide high-quality nursing services in rehabilitation units, it is essential to apply an appropriate level of health insurance coverage. Further research to expand the application of medical fees related to rehabilitation and institutional arrangements to obtain recognition of the fees for nursing services are necessary.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pain-reducing effect of forest bathing alone versus forest bathing in combination with stretching and strengthening exercises in patients with chronic posterior neck pain. METHODS: Sixty-four subjects with posterior neck pain that had lasted more than 3 months were enrolled. They were randomly divided into a forest bathing alone (FBA) group and a forest bathing with exercise (FBE) group; each group included 32 subjects. All subjects from both groups walked every morning in the forest for about 2 hours for 5 days. In the afternoon, the FBE group did a stretching and strengthening exercise for about 4 hours; the FBA group had free time in the woods. Visual analog scale (VAS) on one day, VAS over the previous week, neck disability index (NDI), EuroQol 5D-3L VAS (EQ VAS) and index (EQ index), McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), the number of trigger points in the posterior neck region (TRPs), and the range of motion of the cervical spine were evaluated on the first and last day of the program and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The number of TRPs were significantly reduced in the FBE group compared with the FBA group (p=0.013). However, the other scales showed no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: When patients with chronic posterior neck pain underwent a short-term forest bathing (less than 7 days) program, FBE was more effective in the reduction of the number of TRPs than FBA. However, all other pain measurement scales we evaluated showed no statistically significant difference between the two protocols.
Baths* ; Chronic Pain ; Complementary Therapies ; Exercise ; Exercise Therapy ; Humans ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Neck ; Neck Pain* ; Pain Measurement ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Spine ; Trees* ; Trigger Points ; Visual Analog Scale ; Weights and Measures ; Wood

OBJECTIVE: To apply tailored rehabilitation education to video display terminal (VDT) workers with musculoskeletal pain and to assess changes in musculoskeletal pain after rehabilitation education. METHODS: A total of 8,828 VDT workers were screened for musculoskeletal disorders using a self-report questionnaire. Six hundred twenty-six VDT workers selected based on their questionnaires were enrolled in musculoskeletal rehabilitation education, which consisted of education on VDT syndrome and confirmed diseases, exercise therapy including self-stretching and strengthening, and posture correction. One year later, a follow-up screening survey was performed on 316 VDT workers, and the results were compared with the previous data. RESULTS: Compared with the initial survey, pain intensity was significantly decreased in the neck area; pain duration and frequency were significantly decreased in the low back area; and pain duration, intensity, and frequency were significantly decreased in the shoulder and wrist after tailored rehabilitation education. In addition, pain duration, intensity, and frequency showed a greater significant decrease after tailored rehabilitation education in the mild pain group than in the severe pain group. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that work-related musculoskeletal pain was reduced after tailored rehabilitation education, especially in the shoulder, wrist, and low back.
Computer Terminals ; Education* ; Exercise Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Musculoskeletal Pain* ; Neck ; Posture ; Rehabilitation* ; Shoulder ; Wrist