BACKGROUND: The i-gel(TM) (i-gel) is a new single-use supraglottic airway device with a non-inflatable cuff. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of the i-gel during general anesthesia in children. METHODS: Ninety-eight children at ASA physical status I-II who underwent general anesthesia were included in this prospective observatory study. The size of the i-gel was selected based on patient's body weight. We evaluated success rates, insertion time, airway leak pressure, fiberoptic examination, airway manipulation, airway quality, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: The first-attempt success rate was 96.9% with overall success rate of 98.0%. The insertion time was 15.6 +/- 4.7 seconds. The airway leak pressure was 28.2 +/- 5.9 cmH2O. The maximal peak inspiratory pressure was 15.4 +/- 3.0 cmH2O. On fiberoptic examination, vocal cords were visible in 86.5% of patients. During maintenance of anesthesia, manipulations of i-gel were required for 32 (33.3%) children to maintain airway. Controlled ventilation was possible in all cases, although excess leak transiently occurred in three children. Postoperative complications including blood-staining on device, cough, and sore throat were infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: The i-gel size at 1.5-2.5 provided a satisfactory airway and ventilation during anesthesia in children. However, i-gel required a number of manipulations to maintain patency of airway during general anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Body Weight ; Child* ; Cough ; Humans ; Pharyngitis ; Postoperative Complications ; Prospective Studies ; Ventilation ; Vocal Cords

MicroRNAs play an important role in regulating gene expression, but their target identification is a difficult task due to their short length and imperfect complementarity. Burge and coworkers developed a program called TargetScan that allowed imperfect complementarity and established a procedure favoring targets with multiple binding sites conserved in multiple organisms. We improved their algorithm in two major aspects - (i) using well-defined UTR (untranslated region) database, (ii) examining the extent of conservation inside the 3' UTR specifically. Average length in our UTR database, based on the ECgene annotation, is more than twice longer than the Ensembl. Then, TargetScan was used to identify putative binding sites. The extent of conservation varies significantly inside the 3' UTR. We used the "tight" tracks in the UCSC genome browser to select the conserved binding sites in multiple species. By combining the longer 3' UTR data, TargetScan, and tightly conserved blocks of genomic DNA, we identified 107 putative target genes with multiple binding sites conserved in multiple species, of which 85 putative targets are novel.
3' Untranslated Regions* ; Binding Sites ; DNA ; Gene Expression ; Genome ; Genomics* ; Methods ; MicroRNAs*

Background/Aims: Maintaining vascular access (VA) is very important in the management of hemodialysis (HD) patients. Therefore, the identification of risk factors for decreased vascular access flow has clinical relevance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of serum phosphorus (P) on autologous arteriovenous fistula flow in HD patients. Methods: Sixty-two maintenance HD patients who visited the dialysis unit of CHA Bundang Medical Center between November 2016 and December 2017 were included in the study. Serum P levels were obtained every month, and time-averaged serum P was calculated. All patients had left arm arteriovenous fistulas (AVF; side-to-side anastomosis). AVF flow was assessed by Transonic HD 03. Decreased AVF flow was defined as < 600 mL/min. Results: Decreased AVF flow was observed in 14 of 62 patients. In univariate analysis and multivariable analysis, higher serum P had a significant independent association with decreased AVF flow. Advanced age, reduced ejection fraction, low blood flow rate in dialysis, and higher serum calcium were not associated with AVF flow. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that higher serum P was an independent risk factor for decreased autologous AVF flow in maintenance HD patients. Serial monitoring of serum P may be helpful in stratifying patients by risk of AVF dysfunction, and proper management of serum P levels may be helpful in maintaining flow through autologous AVFs.