Purpose: To report a case of spontaneous closure of a chronic recurrent full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) in a previously vitrectomized eye.Case summary: A 58-year-old female who underwent vitrectomy for the treatment of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) on the right eye 2 years ago complaint of decreased vision on the same eye. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.2. The fundus photograph and optical coherence tomography revealed a FTMH with perifoveal cystoid macular edema (CME). While surgical treatment for the macular hole (MH) was scheduled, the spontaneous closure of MH was observed with resolution of CME. BCVA improved to 0.5. During the long-term follow-up periods, FTMH with CME recurred 2 times or more. In all events, the hole was spontaneously closed in 1 month, accompanied with resolution of CME. Conclusions A FTMH with CME developed 3 times for 11 years following RRD repair, which was spontaneously closed with CME resolution in a month. In case of chronic recurrent FTMH in vitrectomized eye, it would be better to determine surgical treatment after closely monitoring changes in hole and CME.

Purpose: To report a case of spontaneous closure of a chronic recurrent full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) in a previously vitrectomized eye.Case summary: A 58-year-old female who underwent vitrectomy for the treatment of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) on the right eye 2 years ago complaint of decreased vision on the same eye. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.2. The fundus photograph and optical coherence tomography revealed a FTMH with perifoveal cystoid macular edema (CME). While surgical treatment for the macular hole (MH) was scheduled, the spontaneous closure of MH was observed with resolution of CME. BCVA improved to 0.5. During the long-term follow-up periods, FTMH with CME recurred 2 times or more. In all events, the hole was spontaneously closed in 1 month, accompanied with resolution of CME. Conclusions A FTMH with CME developed 3 times for 11 years following RRD repair, which was spontaneously closed with CME resolution in a month. In case of chronic recurrent FTMH in vitrectomized eye, it would be better to determine surgical treatment after closely monitoring changes in hole and CME.

Purpose: To report a case of spontaneous closure of a chronic recurrent full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) in a previously vitrectomized eye.Case summary: A 58-year-old female who underwent vitrectomy for the treatment of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) on the right eye 2 years ago complaint of decreased vision on the same eye. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.2. The fundus photograph and optical coherence tomography revealed a FTMH with perifoveal cystoid macular edema (CME). While surgical treatment for the macular hole (MH) was scheduled, the spontaneous closure of MH was observed with resolution of CME. BCVA improved to 0.5. During the long-term follow-up periods, FTMH with CME recurred 2 times or more. In all events, the hole was spontaneously closed in 1 month, accompanied with resolution of CME. Conclusions A FTMH with CME developed 3 times for 11 years following RRD repair, which was spontaneously closed with CME resolution in a month. In case of chronic recurrent FTMH in vitrectomized eye, it would be better to determine surgical treatment after closely monitoring changes in hole and CME.

Purpose: To report a case of spontaneous closure of a chronic recurrent full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) in a previously vitrectomized eye.Case summary: A 58-year-old female who underwent vitrectomy for the treatment of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) on the right eye 2 years ago complaint of decreased vision on the same eye. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.2. The fundus photograph and optical coherence tomography revealed a FTMH with perifoveal cystoid macular edema (CME). While surgical treatment for the macular hole (MH) was scheduled, the spontaneous closure of MH was observed with resolution of CME. BCVA improved to 0.5. During the long-term follow-up periods, FTMH with CME recurred 2 times or more. In all events, the hole was spontaneously closed in 1 month, accompanied with resolution of CME. Conclusions A FTMH with CME developed 3 times for 11 years following RRD repair, which was spontaneously closed with CME resolution in a month. In case of chronic recurrent FTMH in vitrectomized eye, it would be better to determine surgical treatment after closely monitoring changes in hole and CME.

Purpose: To investigate factors associated with variability in the longitudinal visual field (VF) test in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This retrospective study enrolled POAG patients with VF ≥ 12 who were followed up for ≥ 6 years. First, 52 total deviation values of VF series for each eye were linearly regressed against time (years), and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the residuals was used to measure long-term pointwise VF variability. The mean deviation (MD) of the VF series for each eye was linearly regressed against time (years), and the RMSE of the residuals was used to measure long-term global VF variability. Using hierarchical clustering, variable clustering was performed to select variables and Spearman’s correlation was used as a similarity index. We fitted a mixed effect linear regression model and evaluated factors associated with the long-term VF variability in each regression model. Results: The study included 246 eyes of 157 patients with POAG. Worse baseline peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, lower baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), lower mean IOP, greater IOP fluctuation, and a faster VF decay rate were associated with increased long-term pointwise VF variability in the RNFL thickness model (all p ≤ 0.037). Worse baseline MD, lower baseline IOP, lower mean IOP, and faster VF decay rate were associated with increased long-term global VF variability in the MD model (all p ≤ 0.035). Conclusions Lower baseline and mean IOP, greater IOP fluctuation, worse glaucoma severity, and a faster VF decay rate were associated with greater long-term VF variability in patients with POAG. These factors should be considered when evaluating VF progression.

Background: This study aimed to identify the initial diagnostic characteristics and treatment status of children with submucous cleft palate (SMCP) and to examine the relationship between the timing of surgical correction and the degree of articulation and resonance improvement. Methods: This retrospective study included 72 children diagnosed with SMCP between 2008 and 2016. The evaluation criteria were the age of the initial visit, total number of visits, age at the end of treatment, speech problems, resonance problems, and speech therapy. Results: Children with SMCP first visited the hospital at an average age of 34.32 months, and speech problems were identified at an average age of 48.53 months. Out of 72 children, 46 underwent surgery at an average age of 49.74 months. Four of these children required secondary surgery at an average age of 83.5 months. Among the children who underwent surgery before 3 years of age, 70% exhibited articulation improvements, with mild-to-moderate hypernasality. Articulation improvements showed no statistically significant differences according to age at the time of surgery. However, children who underwent surgery before 4 years had a better hypernasality rating than those who underwent surgery after 4 years of age. Conclusions Children with SMCP tend to undergo delayed treatment because the anatomical symptoms in some children with SMCP are unclear, and surgical interventions are considered only after speech problems are clarified. Starting interventions as early as possible reduces the likelihood of receiving secondary surgery and speech therapy, while increasing expectations for positive speech function at the end.

Purpose: To investigate factors associated with variability in the longitudinal visual field (VF) test in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This retrospective study enrolled POAG patients with VF ≥ 12 who were followed up for ≥ 6 years. First, 52 total deviation values of VF series for each eye were linearly regressed against time (years), and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the residuals was used to measure long-term pointwise VF variability. The mean deviation (MD) of the VF series for each eye was linearly regressed against time (years), and the RMSE of the residuals was used to measure long-term global VF variability. Using hierarchical clustering, variable clustering was performed to select variables and Spearman’s correlation was used as a similarity index. We fitted a mixed effect linear regression model and evaluated factors associated with the long-term VF variability in each regression model. Results: The study included 246 eyes of 157 patients with POAG. Worse baseline peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, lower baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), lower mean IOP, greater IOP fluctuation, and a faster VF decay rate were associated with increased long-term pointwise VF variability in the RNFL thickness model (all p ≤ 0.037). Worse baseline MD, lower baseline IOP, lower mean IOP, and faster VF decay rate were associated with increased long-term global VF variability in the MD model (all p ≤ 0.035). Conclusions Lower baseline and mean IOP, greater IOP fluctuation, worse glaucoma severity, and a faster VF decay rate were associated with greater long-term VF variability in patients with POAG. These factors should be considered when evaluating VF progression.

Purpose: To investigate factors associated with variability in the longitudinal visual field (VF) test in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This retrospective study enrolled POAG patients with VF ≥ 12 who were followed up for ≥ 6 years. First, 52 total deviation values of VF series for each eye were linearly regressed against time (years), and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the residuals was used to measure long-term pointwise VF variability. The mean deviation (MD) of the VF series for each eye was linearly regressed against time (years), and the RMSE of the residuals was used to measure long-term global VF variability. Using hierarchical clustering, variable clustering was performed to select variables and Spearman’s correlation was used as a similarity index. We fitted a mixed effect linear regression model and evaluated factors associated with the long-term VF variability in each regression model. Results: The study included 246 eyes of 157 patients with POAG. Worse baseline peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, lower baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), lower mean IOP, greater IOP fluctuation, and a faster VF decay rate were associated with increased long-term pointwise VF variability in the RNFL thickness model (all p ≤ 0.037). Worse baseline MD, lower baseline IOP, lower mean IOP, and faster VF decay rate were associated with increased long-term global VF variability in the MD model (all p ≤ 0.035). Conclusions Lower baseline and mean IOP, greater IOP fluctuation, worse glaucoma severity, and a faster VF decay rate were associated with greater long-term VF variability in patients with POAG. These factors should be considered when evaluating VF progression.

Purpose: To investigate factors associated with variability in the longitudinal visual field (VF) test in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This retrospective study enrolled POAG patients with VF ≥ 12 who were followed up for ≥ 6 years. First, 52 total deviation values of VF series for each eye were linearly regressed against time (years), and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the residuals was used to measure long-term pointwise VF variability. The mean deviation (MD) of the VF series for each eye was linearly regressed against time (years), and the RMSE of the residuals was used to measure long-term global VF variability. Using hierarchical clustering, variable clustering was performed to select variables and Spearman’s correlation was used as a similarity index. We fitted a mixed effect linear regression model and evaluated factors associated with the long-term VF variability in each regression model. Results: The study included 246 eyes of 157 patients with POAG. Worse baseline peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, lower baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), lower mean IOP, greater IOP fluctuation, and a faster VF decay rate were associated with increased long-term pointwise VF variability in the RNFL thickness model (all p ≤ 0.037). Worse baseline MD, lower baseline IOP, lower mean IOP, and faster VF decay rate were associated with increased long-term global VF variability in the MD model (all p ≤ 0.035). Conclusions Lower baseline and mean IOP, greater IOP fluctuation, worse glaucoma severity, and a faster VF decay rate were associated with greater long-term VF variability in patients with POAG. These factors should be considered when evaluating VF progression.

OBJECTIVES: Alcohol consumption is a well-established risk factor for cancer. Despite extensive research into the relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer risk, the effect of light alcohol consumption on cancer risk remains a topic of debate. To contribute to this discourse, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Our systematic review aimed to investigate the associations between different levels of alcohol consumption and the risk of several cancer types. We focused on analyzing prospective associations using data from 139 cohort studies. Among them, 106 studies were included in the meta-analysis after a quantitative synthesis. RESULTS: Our analysis did not find a significant association between light alcohol consumption and all-cause cancer risk (relative risk, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.04), but we observed a dose-response relationship. Light alcohol consumption was significantly associated with higher risks of esophageal, colorectal, and breast cancers. Light to moderate drinking was associated with elevated risks of esophageal, colorectal, laryngeal, and breast cancers. Heavy drinking was also found to contribute to the risk of stomach, liver, pancreas, and prostate cancers, thereby increasing the risk of almost all types of cancer. Additionally, females generally had lower cancer risks compared to males. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that cancer risks extend beyond heavy alcohol consumption to include light alcohol consumption as well. These findings suggest that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption associated with cancer risk. Our results underscore the importance of public health interventions addressing alcohol consumption to mitigate cancer risks.