PURPOSE: To evaluate the natural clinical course of sporadic congenital oculomotor apraxia associated with ataxia. METHODS: In a retrospective study from June 1994 to March 2004, 3 patients with sporadic congenital oculomotor apraxia associated with ataxia were evaluated. Oculomotor apraxia and ataxia were checked. RESULTS: The three patients with sporadic congenital oculomotor apraxia associated with ataxia showed a decrease in head thrust which can be found specifically in oculomotor apraxia, and an improvement of oculomotor apraxia and ataxia over the 10-year observation period. CONCLUSIONS: A favorable natural clinical course can be expected in a case of sporadic congenital oculomotor apraxia associated with ataxia in the absence of any clinical evidence of inheritance or genetic abnormality.
Apraxias* ; Ataxia* ; Head ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Wills

The machining accuracy of zirconia prostheses fabricated by the subtractive (SM) and additive manufacturing (AM) was evaluated using the Merlon fracture test model in ISO 18675 (2022). The SM specimens were fabricated by a DWX-51D (Roland, Sydney, NSW, Australia) using two zirconia blocks (Katana Zirconia HT; KH, Katana Zirconia STML; KS). The AM specimens were prepared by a DLP type 3D printer INNI-Ⅱ (AON, Gunpo, Korea) using zirconia liquid slurry (INNI-CERA; PZ). The specimen STL image was acquired using a model scanner (E3, 3 Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). The machining accuracy of the specimens was analyzed by the RMS method superimposing the reference STL image and the specimen STL image in image analysis software (Geomagic Control X, 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA). From the results of the machining accuracy analysis, the KH and KS groups showed statistically significantly better machining accuracy (lower RMS) than the PZ group (P<0.05). The KH and KS groups showed higher machining accuracy as the thickness decreased, and the 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm experimental groups showed statistically significantly better machining accuracy than the 0.4 mm experimental group (P<0.05). On the other hand, the PZ group showed better machining accuracy as the thickness increased, with the 0.4 mm group showing statistically significantly better machining accuracy than the 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm groups (P<0.05). Within the limitation of this study, the thickness of the final zirconia prosthesis fabricated by additive manufacturing should be at least 0.4 mm for clinical use in dentistry.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of experimental fluoride varnish mixed with nano-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) on bovine teeth under demineralization and remineralization cycling by Vickers hardness. After fabrication of rosin-based experimental fluoride varnish with 5 wt% of NaF (EX) in the laboratory, 10 wt% of nano-hydroxyapatite (HA+EX) and nano-TCP (TC+EX) were mixed, respectively. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (Tooth mousse) (CP) was used for comparison. Bovine incisors were impregnated by acrylic resin and exposed to caries inducing solution for 72 hours. EX, HA+EX, TC+EX, and CP were applied on the surface of bovine teeth. The specimens were immersed in a demineralization solution for 1 hour and in a re-mineralization solution for 23 hours and the cycle was repeated for 20 days. Vickers hardness was measured at baseline and after each treatment. CP group showed the highest hardness value at 24 hours after application of each material (p<0.05) and the other groups were not significantly different (p>0.05).On the 10th day of de-/re-mineralization cycling, the TC+EX group showed the highest hardness value (p<0.05), but not significantly different from the HA+EX group (p>0.05). On the 20th day, the TC+EX group kept the highest hardness value, followed by HA+EX and EX groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, experimental fluoride varnish with 10 wt% of nano-TCP showed higher remineralization effect on the enamel of bovine teeth during the de/re-mineralization cycling.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of experimental fluoride varnish mixed with nano-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) on bovine teeth under demineralization and remineralization cycling by Vickers hardness. After fabrication of rosin-based experimental fluoride varnish with 5 wt% of NaF (EX) in the laboratory, 10 wt% of nano-hydroxyapatite (HA+EX) and nano-TCP (TC+EX) were mixed, respectively. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (Tooth mousse) (CP) was used for comparison. Bovine incisors were impregnated by acrylic resin and exposed to caries inducing solution for 72 hours. EX, HA+EX, TC+EX, and CP were applied on the surface of bovine teeth. The specimens were immersed in a demineralization solution for 1 hour and in a re-mineralization solution for 23 hours and the cycle was repeated for 20 days. Vickers hardness was measured at baseline and after each treatment. CP group showed the highest hardness value at 24 hours after application of each material (p<0.05) and the other groups were not significantly different (p>0.05).On the 10th day of de-/re-mineralization cycling, the TC+EX group showed the highest hardness value (p<0.05), but not significantly different from the HA+EX group (p>0.05). On the 20th day, the TC+EX group kept the highest hardness value, followed by HA+EX and EX groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, experimental fluoride varnish with 10 wt% of nano-TCP showed higher remineralization effect on the enamel of bovine teeth during the de/re-mineralization cycling.

Traumatic retropharyngeal hematoma is a potentially life-threatening complication of cervical spine injury due to possible airway obstruction. Treatment by securing airway and subsequent conservative care is often adequate. However, a rapidly expanding large hematoma requires surgical evacuation. We present a case of 55-year-old man with a retropharyngeal hematoma secondary to cervical vascular injury without associated cervical fracture. The patient was successfully treated with endovascular arterial embolization and subsequent percutaneous drainage under fluoroscopic guidance without any sequelae.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of fluoride varnish with antibacterial agents on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Experimental fluoride varnish (EFV) with 5% NaF was fabricated. Five antibacterial agents were tested with 1 mM and 10 mM concentrations, respectively: Bakuchiol (BAK), Bavachalcone (BCC), Isobavachromene (IBC), and Bavachromene (BCM). MIC and MBC test was performed by antibacterial agents with and without EFV using 1.1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/ml of S. mutans. Cell viability test were performed using MTT test. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test at α=0.05. In the antibacterial agents without EFV, the MIC of BAK, BCC, and IBC was the lowest (0.015 mM), and the MBC of BAK was the lowest (0.031 mM). For the antibacterial agents with EFV, the MIC (0.031 mM) and MBC (0.062 mM) of BAK was the lowest, respectively. In MTT test, 1 mM BCM showed the highest cell viability (P < 0.05). This study suggest that BAK can be applied the fluoride varnish under the control of the concentration to develop antibacterial fluoride varnish.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cell Survival ; Fluorides ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Paint ; Streptococcus mutans

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities sustainability of antibacterial agents mixed with experimental fluoride varnish on hydroxyapatite disc against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). On the hydroxyapatite disc with 4.8 mm of diameter, 5 μL of 1 mM antibacterial agents mixed with experimental fluoride varnish were applied. Positive control and vehicle control were 10 μg/mL ampicillin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed with fluoride varnish, respectively. The discs were stored in distilled water in a 37℃ shaking water bath at 120 rpm for 30 minutes, 4 hours, 1 day, 5 days, 20 days, and 30 days. Antibacterial activities were evaluated with the inhibition zone by the agar diffusion test. The antibacterial activities of all antibacterial agents were sustained for 30 days. Among them, Bakuchiol, Bavachromene, and Bavachalcone showed higher antibacterial activities for up to 30 days. The antibacterial agents when mixed in the experimental fluoride varnish with increased and prolonged antibacterial activities can be applied to prevent dental caries effectively.

We evaluated the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and inhibitory effect of osteoclast differentiation of Brachypodium sylvaticum (BS) to find out the possibility of preventing periodontal disease. The inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) growth by BS and the sustainability of the antibacterial activity was assessed. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cell viability were measured. Osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and TRAP activity. BS showed significant antibacterial activity and sustainable antibacterial activity in P. gingivalis. We also found out that the BS significantly decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and NO production without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, BS inhibited the differentiation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) obtained from mouse bone marrow cells into osteoclasts without cytotoxicity. Taken together, BS can be a promising candidate for a preventive and improving agent of periodontal disease having antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and inhibitory effects of osteoclast differentiation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans of experimental fluoride varnish mixed with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and/or glutaraldehyde. Experimental fluoride varnish (EX1) was fabricated. To make fluoride varnish with adhesive materials, EX1 was mixed with 5 wt% of glutaraldehyde (EX2), 35 wt% of HEMA (EX3) or both 5 wt% of glutaraldehyde and 35 wt% of HEMA (EX4). 5 μL of each experimental group was applied to 6 mm diameter polyethylene terephthalate film discs. Disks were stored in distilled water in a shaking incubator at 37℃ for 1 hour, 3 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 5 days and 10 days. The antibacterial activities against S. mutans were evaluated by agar diffusion test with the discs at each time. The antibacterial activities were sustained up to 10 days in all groups. The antibacterial activities of EX3 and EX4 were significantly higher than other groups from 8 hours to 10 days and there were no significant differences from EX2 at 10 days. HEMA with and without glutaraldehyde can be applied to fluoride varnish to increase the sustainability of antibacterial activities.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities sustainability of antibacterial agents mixed with experimental fluoride varnish on hydroxyapatite disc against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). On the hydroxyapatite disc with 4.8 mm of diameter, 5 μL of 1 mM antibacterial agents mixed with experimental fluoride varnish were applied. Positive control and vehicle control were 10 μg/mL ampicillin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed with fluoride varnish, respectively. The discs were stored in distilled water in a 37℃ shaking water bath at 120 rpm for 30 minutes, 4 hours, 1 day, 5 days, 20 days, and 30 days. Antibacterial activities were evaluated with the inhibition zone by the agar diffusion test. The antibacterial activities of all antibacterial agents were sustained for 30 days. Among them, Bakuchiol, Bavachromene, and Bavachalcone showed higher antibacterial activities for up to 30 days. The antibacterial agents when mixed in the experimental fluoride varnish with increased and prolonged antibacterial activities can be applied to prevent dental caries effectively.