Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples, and male factor is responsible for 30%-50% of all infertility. The most severe form of male infertility is testicular failure, and the typical phenotype of testicular failure is severely impaired spermatogenesis resulting in azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. Although the etiology of testicular failure remains poorly understood, genetic factor typically is an underlying cause. Modern assisted reproductive techniques have revolutionized the treatment of male factor infertility, allowing biological fatherhood to be achieved by many men who would otherwise have been unable to become father to their children through natural conception. Therefore, identifying genetic abnormalities in male is critical because of the potential risk of transmission of genetic abnormalities to the offspring. Recently, along with other intense researches ongoing, whole-genome approaches have been used increasingly in the genetic studies of male infertility. In this review, we focus on the genetics of testicular failure and provide an update on the advances in the study of genetics of male infertility.

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus is the most common fracture of the elbow in children. Early accurate reduction is very important to obtain good results. Authors tried to reduce the fracture accurately under the concept of intact hinge mechanism. Forty-five displaced supracondylar fractures which were not able to be reduced by closed method were admitted for open reduction at our department from April 1981 to October 1985. They were analysed clinically. The result are as follows: 1. The patient age ranged from 3 to 14 years; 16.2% were between 7 and 8 years. 70.3% were boys Left humerus was affected in 70.3% of all cases. 2. The most common cause of fracture was falling down from height. 94.6% of fractures were extension type. The severity of displacement in 34 patients(90.2%) were grade III or 1V of Holmberg classification. 3. Only in 2 patients cubitus varus deformity was observed as residua and among the patients who were followed more than one year, only 2 had about 10 degrees of limitation of elbow motion. 4. In Holmberg's grade II, III, IV group, 22 cases(100.0%) of the both side pinned and 12 cases (80.0%) of one side pinned showed excellent or good results. Therefore, both side pinning could have contributed in obtaining more accurate reduction. 5. According to Mitchell and Adams' Criteria, 34 cases(91.9%) had satisfactory results.
Accidental Falls ; Child ; Classification ; Clinical Study ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Elbow ; Humans ; Humerus ; Methods

A 6-year old girl was diagnosed as atrophoderma vermiculatum on face, especially on cheek and preauricular area, and dorsum of both hands. She had suffered from congenital heart disease which was diagnosed as ventricular septal defect by cardiac: catheterization and cineangiography in final. Three months after patch repair of ventricular septal defect, no further new skin lesion developed. But reticulate skin atrophy was remained.
Atrophy ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Cheek ; Child ; Cineangiography ; Female ; Hand ; Heart Defects, Congenital* ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Humans ; Skin

PURPOSE: This study investigated sexual knowledge, its related factors, and the needs of sex education among elementary, middle, and high school students in order to develop a sex education program. METHODS: The participants comprised 721 students in grades 5 through 12, from Seoul and the Kyeonggi-do area, in South Korea. Data was collected from the end of August through the end of September 2014, using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. SPSS Statistics 21.0 was used for the descriptive analysis, chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regressions. RESULTS: Higher-grade students had a higher level of sexual knowledge than lower-grade students, but the overall level of sexual knowledge was low. Multivariate analysis showed that gender, grade, school record, and experiences of sex education from family and school were significant predictors of sexual knowledge among adolescents. Coping skills related to sexual crisis situations was the most wanted content of sex education. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that it is important to develop a sex education program that considers the needs of sex education among adolescents. Also, it is important to periodically perform a survey to identify the need of sex education among elementary, middle, and high school students.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent ; Anonyms and Pseudonyms ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Multivariate Analysis ; Seoul ; Sex Education

In 2008, Korea has enacted new ordinances about the role of estheticians, but this law can be interpreted ambiguously, restricting hiring of estheticians in medical clinics. The purpose of the study is to obtain information about medical-esthetic systems in other countries. We have taken a survey of this object from 30 OECD & Asian countries, and the questionnaires returned from a total of 22 countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Singapore, Israel, and Thailand), were used for the final analysis. The results are summarized as follows. In most countries, estheticians working independently deal with only healthy, normal skin. In most countries, estheticians working independently have no right to operate any medical instruments. In all 17 countries that returned the questionnaires medical clinics can employ estheticians, and only theses estheticians who belong to the medical clinics can handle the non-invasive medical instruments under the supervision of doctors. In 17 countries that have related legal regulations, nurses, under the control of doctors, can perform wider range of duties in various settings than estheticians. The survey concludes that the duties of estheticians are closely related with medical skin care services and estheticians can perform various non-invasive medical procedures only under the control of doctors. From consulting a variety of medical-esthetic systems in other countries, we propose that the estheticians be allowed to work in medical clinics to provide better medical services for the patients and to make more chances of employment for themselves.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Austria ; Canada ; Denmark ; Employment ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Great Britain ; Humans ; Hungary ; Israel ; Japan ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Organization and Administration ; Portugal ; Questionnaires ; Singapore ; Skin ; Skin Care ; Slovakia ; Social Control, Formal ; Spain ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United States

No abstract available.
Echocardiography* ; Heart Defects, Congenital* ; Prenatal Diagnosis*

No abstract available.
Blood Platelets* ; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation* ; Platelet Activation*

No abstract available.
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal*

No abstract available.
Drug Therapy* ; Gestational Trophoblastic Disease*

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and safety of intracorporeal anastomosis in laparoscopic colectomy for benign and malignant tumor diseases in actual clinical settings. Methods: From January 2016 to June 2021, a total of 114 cases were selected for laparoscopic colectomy for benign or malignant tumor diseases. Seventeen cases that underwent simultaneous combined laparoscopic procedures were excluded from the study. The remaining patients were separated into 48 cases in the intracorporeal group and 49 cases in the extracorporeal group. Medical records were reviewed retrospec tively. Results: Patients in the intracorporeal group were older than those in the extracorporeal group (62.6 years vs. 54.9 years, p = 0.001). Body mass index, American Society of Anestheologists physical status classifica tion, comorbidity, smoking, and laparotomy history did not differ significantly between groups. Surgeries for malignancy were performed in 35 (72.9%) and 32 cases (65.3%) in the respective intracorporeal and extracorporeal groups. Right hemicolectomy was performed in 39 (81.3%) and 45 cases (91.8%) in the intracorporeal and extracorporeal groups, respectively, and postoperative hospital stays were 9.8 and 8.9 days (p = 0.081). Operation time (216.9 minutes vs. 203.5 minutes, p = 0.212) and intraoperative blood loss (72.7 mL vs. 75.7 mL, p = 0.700) were not significantly different. Anastomotic leakage was observed in one case in each group. Conclusion In laparoscopic colectomy, intracorporeal anastomosis could be considered as a safe and feasible technique for benign and malignant tumor diseases.