A severe chemical or thermal injury is a troublesome ocular insult, which usually results in persistant corneal epithelial defect, stromal scarring, and neovascularization. For resurfacing chemically burned cornea, limbal autograft transplantation is presented in 2 cases of chemical and/or thermal injury with follow-up of 6, 8 months. The operative technique involved transfer of four free grafts of limbal tissue from the uninjured fellow eye to the severely injured eye. Clinical results of the cases have shown surface healing with stable epithelial adhesion without recurrent erosion or persistant epithelial defect.
Autografts* ; Burns* ; Cicatrix ; Cornea ; Follow-Up Studies ; Transplants

Enchondroma is a benign tumor mainly developed in the hand and uncommon in the foot. Even if it is in the foot, most are in the phalanges and distal metatarsals of the foot. Enchondroma in the calcaneus is very rare. A 44-year-old male suffered from left heel pain for several months, authors treated it with curettage and bone graft, it was histologically confirmed as an enchondroma in the calcaneus. The authors presented a rare case presentation of an enchondroma in the calcaneus with pain.
Adult ; Calcaneus ; Chondroma ; Curettage ; Foot ; Hand ; Heel ; Humans ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones ; Transplants

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of malocclusion on the self-esteem of female university students. METHODS: The subjects were composed of 67 female university students who showed Class I molar relation, no missing or supernumerary teeth and has had no orthodontic treatment experience. Each subject was evaluated with Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale to measure the level of self-esteem and also evaluated the degree of anterior crowding and lip protrusion through model analysis and cephalometric soft tissue profile analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that a protrusive profile and crowding of upper anterior teeth had significant reducing effects on the level of self-esteem. The protrusion and crowding groups showed no significant differences in self-esteem between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Malocclusion had significant negative effects on the self-esteem of female university students. Further research to investigate the negative psychological influence of malocclusion and the education of lay people about this influence is necessary.
Crowding ; Female ; Humans ; Lip ; Malocclusion ; Molar ; Tooth ; Tooth, Supernumerary

The goals of this study were to present presurgical naso-alveolar molding (PNAM) appliance in unilateral cleft lip and palate treatment and to evaluate the effects of PNAM appliance on alveolar molding. Samples were consisted of 4 unilateral cleft lip and palate infants (3 males and 1 female, mean age=23.2 days after birth) who were treated with PNAM appliances in Department of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Average alveolar cleft gap between the greater and lesser segment was 8.27 mm and average duration of alveolar molding treatment was 9.7 weeks. These patients' models were obtained at initial visit (TI) and after successful alveolar molding (T2). Seven linear and five angular variables were measured by using photometry and digital caliper. All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS win ver. 7.5 program. Paired t-test was used to compare the mean values. 1. The posterior part of alveolar segments are the stable structures during alveolar molding treatment period in infants. 2. Forward growth of the greater segment may be hindered by the action of alveolar molding. 3. The closure of cleft gap during alveolar molding were usually due to inward and backward bending of the anterior part of the greater segment and outward bending of the whole lesser segment.
Cleft Lip* ; Female ; Fungi* ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Orthodontics ; Palate* ; Photometry ; Seoul

OBJECTIVE: This study is performed to investigate the trend of health care (HC) utilization among cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) during 2007–2016 by using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (KNHIS). METHODS: The KNHIS data were reorganized to count a specific patient only once for a specific year. Cleft type (cleft lip [CL], cleft palate [CP], and cleft lip and palate [CLP]), sex, and age at HC utilization were investigated. The study period was divided into the first half (2007–2011) and the last half (2012–2016). The utilization number and rate per 1,000 population were calculated for the total population and for new-born patients. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The total CL/P population (n = 48,707) comprised 19.2% CLP, 35.5% CL, and 45.3% CP (CLP < CL < CP; p < 0.001). Their HC utilization rate increased from 0.066 in 2007 to 0.118 in 2016. The new-born patient population (n = 7,617) comprised 18.6% CLP, 30.4% CL, and 51.0% CP (CLP < CL < CP; p < 0.001). Their HC utilization rate increased from 1.12 in 2007 to 1.74 in 2016. An examination of the utilization number and rate among new-born patients revealed CP exhibited a female-dominant pattern (all p < 0.01), while CL and CLP exhibited a male-dominant pattern (all p < 0.01). However, utilization number showed no difference by sex and cleft type between 2007–2011 and 2012–2016. CONCLUSIONS: These results might serve as a guideline for HC utilization among patients with CL/P.
Cleft Lip* ; Cleft Palate ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Lip ; National Health Programs ; Palate* ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care* ; Population Surveillance ; Republic of Korea

Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is one of the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies and occurs more frequently in Asian people. Dental abnormalities in number, size, shape, and eruption of teeth are frequently associated with CLP. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of CLP on number, size, shape and eruption of teeth and to provide basic clinical data for diagnosis and treatment of the CLP patients. With the orthodontic and cleft charts, diagnostic models, orthopantomograms and intraoral x-ray films from 241 CLP patients who visited Dept. of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, we evaluated the frequency of congenital missing teeth, supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, and microdontia. The results were as follows ; 1. Frequency of congenital missing was relatively high up to 56.8 %. Congenital missing occurred frequently in the maxillary lateral incisor and the maxillary second premolar. Among the CLP types, frequencies of congenital missing in cleft lip and palate group and cleft lip and alveolus group were higher than those of cleft lip group and cleft palate group. And bilateral cleft showed higher frequencies than unilateral ones. 2. Supernumerary tooth was shown in 11.2 % of CLP patients. It occurred frequently in the area between the maxillary lateral incisors and the maxillary canine. Among the CLP types, cleft lip group showed relatively most highest frequency. 3. Impaction was shown in 18.3 % of CLP patients. It occurred most frequently in the maxillary lateral incisor and the maxillary canine than other teeth. Among the CLP types, cleft lip group and cleft lip and palate group showed most highest frequencies. 4. Microdontia was shown in 15.8 % of CLP patients. It occurred the most frequently in the maxillary lateral incisors and maxillary canines. Among the CLP types, cleft lip and alveolus group and cleft lip and palate group showed relatively higher frequencies. There was no microdontia in cleft palate group.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bicuspid ; Cleft Lip* ; Cleft Palate ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incisor ; Orthodontics ; Palate* ; Seoul ; Tooth* ; Tooth, Impacted ; Tooth, Supernumerary ; X-Ray Film

Cleft lip and/or palate is one of the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies. According to previous epidemiologic studies, incidence of cleft lip and/or palate has been increasing nowadays. However, there is no report about epidemiologic study of cleft lip and/or palate patients who visited dept. of orthodontics in Korea. So the purpose of this study was to provide the epidemiological characteristics and important basic clinical data for the diagnosis and the treatment of the cleft lip and/or palate patients. With the orthodontic and the charts, diagnostic models and X-ray films from 250 patients with cleft lip and/or palate who visited Dept. of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Dental Hospital during the last 11 years, the authors investigated patient`s visiting year, types of cleft, patient`s gender, and Angle`s classification of malocclusion, and surgery timing. 1. The number of cleft patients who visited Dept. of Orthodontics, SNUDH increased during 1988-1990and then it declined until 1992. From 1993 to 1996, it showed a stationary trend. After 1997 it showed an overwhelmingly increasing trend. 2. In the cleft type, the ratio of cleft lip : cleft lip and alveolus : cleft palate : cleft lip and palate was 7.6 : 19.2 : 9.6 : 63.6. In cleft position, unilateral clefts were more than bilateral ones (cleft lip 79 : 21, cleft lip and alveolus 77 : 23, cleft lip and palate 75.5:24.5). In cleft side, left clefts were more than right cleft (cleft lip 53.3 : 46.7, cleft lip and alveolus 59.5 : 40.5, cleft lip and palate 59.2 : 40.8). 3. In gender ratio, males were more than females in cleft lip (57.9 : 42.1), cleft lip and alveolus (68.8 : 31.2) and cleft lip and palate (76.1 : 23.9). But in cleft palate females were more than males as 41.7 : 58.3. 4. In the age groups, 7-12 year group was the most abundant as 52%, and then 0-6 year group (20.4%), 13-18 year group (17.2%), more than 18 year group (10.4%) were followed as descending order. 5. Most of the cleft lip repair surgeries were operated in 0-3 month (60.3%) and 4-6 month (17.9%). 6. The cleft palate repair surgeries were done in 1-2 year (31.7%), 0-1 year (25.6%), 2-3 year (12.1%), more than 5 year (11.6%) as descending order. 7. The lip scar revision surgeries were done before admission at elementary school 60%. (4-6 year (27.5%), 6-8 year (19.6%), more than 10 year (19.6%), 2-4 year (13.7%) as descending order) 8. The rhinoplasties were done before admission at elementary school in 51.7%. (0-2 year (7.1%), 2-4 year (14.3%), 4-6 year (21.4%), 6-8 year (14.3%)) 9. The pharyngeal flap were done at 6 Y (72.5 months) after birth on average and there was even distribution of surgery timing. 10. In relationship between Angle`s classification of malocclusion and cleft types, Class I was most abundant and Class III, Class II were followed as descending order in cleft lip group. But Class III was most abundant and Class I, Class II were followed as descending order in cleft lip and alveolus group, cleft plate group, and cleft lip and palate group. The percentage of frequency in Class III malocclusion was overwhelmingly higher in cleft lip and palate group than any other groups. 11. Because the frequency of Class III malocclusion was most prevalent in all age groups, anterior crossbite was the most common chief complaint of cleft patients.
Cicatrix ; Classification ; Cleft Lip* ; Cleft Palate ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Lip ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Orthodontics* ; Palate* ; Parturition ; Rhinoplasty ; Seoul* ; X-Ray Film

Recently several growth factors such as TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, PDGF, bFGF are known to play an important role in scar formation following adult tissue injury. But there is little known about the role of growth factors tissue healing without scar formation. Therefore the pupose of this study is to investigate the distribution of growth factors which are involved with scar formation in the artificially created lip wound healing of fetuses. The author had undergone hysterotomy and created cleft lip-like defects on fetuses of New Zealand White Rabbit in mid-third trimester (24 days). Fetuses were divided into 3 groups (the repired group, the unrepaired group and the sham-operated control group). At 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days agter procedure, the repaired, the unrepaired and the control groups were obtained by Caeserean section. After documenting the viability of fetuses, fetuses were photographed to compare size and facial morphology and sectioned for histological examination by H & E stain and spatial and temporal deposition of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, PDGF, bFGF by immunohistochemical method. The findings are summarized as follows. 1. There were lack of inflammation and scar formation and nevascularity in the repaired and the unrepaired group during experimental periods. 2. The reepothelialization of the unrepaired group was slower than that of repaired group. 3. There wereon differences of distribution of bFGF in the control, the repaired and the unrenaired group. 4. PDGF was increased at post-op, first and second day and decreased agter post-op, third day. Eventully, there were no differences in the control, the repaired and the unrepaired group. 5. TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 were slightly increased at post-op, first and second day decreased after post-op, thied day. Eventually there were no differences in the control, the repaired and the unrepaired group. And TGF-beta2 is more densely stained than TGF-beta1.
Adult ; Cicatrix ; Cleft Lip* ; Fetus* ; Humans ; Hysterotomy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inflammation ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins* ; Lip ; New Zealand ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2 ; Wound Healing* ; Wounds and Injuries*

The purpose of this report is to review vertical dysplasia such as openbite or deep bite in skeletal Class III malocclusion and their treatment modality and to present two cases treated with MEAW. The results obtained were as follows A. Open bite case 1. The treatment time was 3 year 8 months. 2. Upper and lower incisors showed extrusion and especially lower anterior alveolar process showed remodelling. 3. The mesially inclined upper and lower molars were uprighted and especially lower first molars showed extrusion that means remodelling of alveolar bone. 4. Normal overbite and overjet were established. 5. Mandible showed slight clockwise rotation. 6. Maxilla showed slight downward bending of ANS part. 7. Upper lip showed downward drop and lower lip showed retraction and touch between upper and lower lip was established. 8. Tongue posture of post-treatment was more raised than pretreatment. B. Deep bite case 1. The treatment time was 1 year 8 months. 2. Upper incisors showed intrusion and labioversion and lower incisors showed slight intrusion and linguoversion. 3. The lower molars showed distal uprighting and intrusion and upper molars showed mesial movement and extrusion. 4. Normal overbite and overjet were established. 5. Maxilla did not show downward movement. 6. Mandible showed slight clockwise rotation. 7. Lower lip showed retraction and downward drop and upper lip showed downward drop.
Alveolar Process ; Incisor ; Lip ; Malocclusion ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Open Bite* ; Overbite* ; Posture ; Tongue

This study was designed to analyze morphological characteristics of Korean young adults, norms and standard deviation of variables, sexual differences, correlationship between each area of face and correlationship between hard tissue and soft tissue. The primary sample consisted of 45 males and 57 females who were early and middle twenties and had acceptable profile, no history of previous orthodontic treatment, absence of remarkably large overjet and overbite, full complement of permanent teeth, Class I skeletal and dental relationships and good vertical facial proportions. Their cephalograms were analyzed morphologically with a computer morphometrics. Then the final sample - 25 males and 38 females - were selected within 1 S.D. of E-line, ANB, P/A facial height ratio, Interincisal angle, L1 to A-Pog, ODI and APDI. The results of the study were as follows: 1. In the form and proportion of facial skeleton there were no significant differences between males and females, but in the size males were larger than females. 2. The dental protrusion patterns had no significant sexual difference and no significant correlationship between protrusion of upper lip and inclination of upper incisor. But mentolabial angle had positively correlated with interincisal angle and negatively with inclination of upper and lower incisor. 3. In the relationship between nose and soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in nasal length, height and angular measurements. 4. In analysis of soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in the length and thickness. In the angular measurements and proportion of soft-tissue profile, there were no significant differences between males and females.
Complement System Proteins ; Esthetics* ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Lip ; Male ; Nose ; Overbite ; Skeleton ; Tooth ; Young Adult*