Polymorphic pemphigoid is a polymorphic variant of bullous pemphigoid. Tbe authors had observed a case of polymorphic pemphigoid in a 54-year-ald woman, in whom generalized chronic blistering lesions and aevere pruritus were the main symptoms. The diagnosis of polymorphic pemphigoid was based on clinical, histopa.thological, immunopathological and therapeutic features.
Blister ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Pemphigoid, Bullous* ; Pruritus

A 25-year-old man had been intermittently treated with topical steroid ointment for his eczematous lesions on the scrotum. One year later, a few hard nontender nodules were found with surrounding thickened lichenified skin on the previous lesions. Histopathologic examination of the skin revealed moderate acanthosis of the epidermis and multiple scattered calcified materials in the upper demis and within the hair follicle. We present this case, being considered a dystrophic calcinosis cutis due to local injury.
Adult ; Calcinosis* ; Epidermis ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid* ; Scrotum ; Skin

Hemorrhagic radiation proctitis is infrequently seen in patients receiving pelvic irradiation. The treatment of hemorrhagic ralation proctitis is often difficult. Many patients need reyeated hospitalizations and blood transfusions. Occasionally patiets will develop severe or recurrent rectal bleeding. In case of massive bleeding requiring excessive transfusion, colonic diversion by construction of a colostomy or excision of the diseased segment may be inevitable. However, surgical procedures in these patients are associated with a high mortality and morbidity. Moreover, medical therapy is usually ineffective. Recently formalin therapy has been introduced as a simple and effective treatment for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. We experienced a 69 year-old woman patient who developed severe homorrhagic proctitis 1 year after radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. She had not improved by conservative management and required blood tranafusions and repetitive hospitalizations. After local application of a 4% formalin solution in the diseased rectum under caudal anesthesia, the bleeding immediately stopped and the patient was discharged from the hospital, and no recurrence has been observed until now.
Aged ; Anesthesia, Caudal ; Blood Transfusion ; Cervix Uteri ; Colon ; Colostomy ; Female ; Formaldehyde* ; Hemorrhage ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Mortality ; Proctitis* ; Radiotherapy ; Rectum ; Recurrence

BACKGROUND: Water is essential to body homeostasis. But there are little attention to basic impact or attribute of response to drinking water. We investigated the factors related to drinking water through the ‘5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey’ (KNHANESV). METHODS: From the database of the 5th KNHANESV conducted in 2010 to 2012, data of 15,716 adults who aged 19 or above, and responded to all the questionnaires of health interview, nutrition survey and had health examination were included in this analysis. SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis with complex sample survey modules. RESULTS: The study subjects drink 5.2 ± 0.48 cups of water for a day. The elderly (>65 yrs) drink less water (p < 0.000), and male drink more than female (p < 0.000). And obesity is significantly associated with higher water intake (p < 0.000). Calorie and sodium intake, HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, feritin, Fe, creatinine are significantly associated with higher water intake. Physical activity and serum vitamin D level are also associated with higher water intake (p < 0.000). CONCLUSION: Older people drink less water and several disease is related with water intake amount. Further studies need to be done about the value of water intake in healthy life style, and measuring the effect of water intake.
Adult* ; Aged ; Creatinine ; Drinking Water ; Drinking* ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Korea* ; Life Style ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity ; Sodium ; Triglycerides ; Vitamin D ; Water*

In Korea, skipping breakfast is of concern as an unhealthy dietary habit. While the relationship between skipping breakfast and overweight and obesity has been established in children and adolescents in Europe, studies on this topic in Korean adolescents are scarce. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and skipping breakfast in Korean adolescents. Data from the 13th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2017) were analyzed. This anonymous, self-administered online questionnaire examined health behaviors including smoking, drinking, obesity, eating habits, sleep duration, and physical activity in Korean youth. Questions included those on general characteristics, such as economic status, parental education level, etc. This study included data from 56,933 adolescents aged 12–18 years. Skipping breakfast was defined as consuming breakfast fewer than five times per week. BMI, health behaviors, and general characteristics were compared between the breakfast-skipping and control groups. The skipping-breakfast and control groups comprised 25,836 (45.4%) and 31,097 (54.6%) subjects, respectively. BMI was significantly higher in the breakfast-skipping group than that in the control group (21.6 ± 3.24 kg/m2 vs. 21.4 ± 3.26 kg/m2, p < 0.001). Among the normal-weight and overweight groups, 44.9% and 47.3% skipped breakfast, respectively (p < 0.001). After adjusting for health behaviors and general characteristics, the risk of overweight was higher in those who skipped breakfast than that in the control group (odds ratio; 1.125, 95% confidence interval; 1.077–1.176).Skipping breakfast was related to overweight in Korean adolescents. Therefore, longitudinal research is needed to determine whether skipping breakfast is associated with overweight.

Central obesity carries more metabolic risks compared with total obesity assessed by Body mass index (BMI). Also, there’s paradoxical relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality in overweight group (23 kg/㎡ ≤ BMI < 25 kg/㎡). The aim of this study is to assess relationship between waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and lifestyle-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes in overweight group, and to find the most predictable and useful obesity index for screening lifestyle-related diseases.A total of 3,994 overweight (23 kg/㎡ ≤ BMI < 25 kg/㎡) adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2015 (KNHANES VI) were included. We assessed the relationship between WHtR and metabolic syndrome components using multiple regression analysis, and assessed the relationship between abdominal obesity (WHtR ≥ 0.5) and lifestyle-related diseases using complex samples logistic regression analysis. Also, to find the most useful index to predict lifestyle-related diseases, we calculated the areas under the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.WHtR was significantly related to metabolic syndrome components. Odds ratios of metabolic syndrome, hypertension and type 2 diabetes were 2.187, 1.445, 2.463 in abdominal obese group (WHtR ≥ 0.5), respectively. Area under the curve of WHtR was the most significantly highest among those of obesity indices.WHtR is a simple and useful obesity index to predict lifestyle-related diseases in overweight Korean adults. Further investigations for other obesity indices are needed to predict lifestyle-related diseases better.

Central obesity carries more metabolic risks compared with total obesity assessed by Body mass index (BMI). Also, there’s paradoxical relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality in overweight group (23 kg/㎡ ≤ BMI < 25 kg/㎡). The aim of this study is to assess relationship between waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and lifestyle-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes in overweight group, and to find the most predictable and useful obesity index for screening lifestyle-related diseases.A total of 3,994 overweight (23 kg/㎡ ≤ BMI < 25 kg/㎡) adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2015 (KNHANES VI) were included. We assessed the relationship between WHtR and metabolic syndrome components using multiple regression analysis, and assessed the relationship between abdominal obesity (WHtR ≥ 0.5) and lifestyle-related diseases using complex samples logistic regression analysis. Also, to find the most useful index to predict lifestyle-related diseases, we calculated the areas under the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.WHtR was significantly related to metabolic syndrome components. Odds ratios of metabolic syndrome, hypertension and type 2 diabetes were 2.187, 1.445, 2.463 in abdominal obese group (WHtR ≥ 0.5), respectively. Area under the curve of WHtR was the most significantly highest among those of obesity indices.WHtR is a simple and useful obesity index to predict lifestyle-related diseases in overweight Korean adults. Further investigations for other obesity indices are needed to predict lifestyle-related diseases better.

This study was designed to evaluate the potential applications of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of early and sequential changes of acute renal ischemia. Renal isehmia was induced in seventeen rabbits by surgical ligation of the left renal artery. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed with a 2.0T super conductive MR system and s pin-echo technique was used with echo times(TE) of 30 and 80 msec and repetition times(TR) or 0.5 and 2.5 seconds. Kidneys were evaluated before and up to 48 hours after left renal artery ligation, and the spin echo images were analyzed for intensity difference and T1, T2 relaxation times between the cortex and the medulla of both kidneys. After one, and one and half hour following ligation of the left renal artery, the kidneys showed a 4-20% decrease in the left cortex compared to the right cortex contrast uptake(CCC) (P<01). There was a 14-29% decrease in left medulla to right medulla contrast uptake(MMC) (P<01). A 29-147% increase in contrast uptake was noted when the left cortex was compared to the left medulla(P<05). There was a 51-68% decrease in CMC of the right kidney (P<05) on three different spin echo images. In the cortex of the left kidney, T2 relaxation time decreased 14% (P<01). CCC and MMC showed more prominent changes than CMC, and sequential changes of CCC and MMC were most prominent on T2 weighted images with TR = 2.5sec and TE=80msec when compared with T1 weighted and proton density weighted images. Twelve hours after renal arterial ligation. T2 relaxation time, CMC, CCC, and MMC returned to normal values and these findings were believed to be due to congestion and collateral blood supply. In renal ischemia, the most useful MRI findings for diagnosis were fund to be changes of CCC and MMC on T2 weighted image, and T2 relaxation time of the cortex in the ischemic kidney.
Diagnosis ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Financial Management ; Ischemia* ; Kidney ; Ligation* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Protons ; Rabbits ; Reference Values ; Relaxation ; Renal Artery*

This study was designed to evaluate the potential applications of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of early and sequential changes of acute renal ischemia. Renal isehmia was induced in seventeen rabbits by surgical ligation of the left renal artery. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed with a 2.0T super conductive MR system and s pin-echo technique was used with echo times(TE) of 30 and 80 msec and repetition times(TR) or 0.5 and 2.5 seconds. Kidneys were evaluated before and up to 48 hours after left renal artery ligation, and the spin echo images were analyzed for intensity difference and T1, T2 relaxation times between the cortex and the medulla of both kidneys. After one, and one and half hour following ligation of the left renal artery, the kidneys showed a 4-20% decrease in the left cortex compared to the right cortex contrast uptake(CCC) (P<01). There was a 14-29% decrease in left medulla to right medulla contrast uptake(MMC) (P<01). A 29-147% increase in contrast uptake was noted when the left cortex was compared to the left medulla(P<05). There was a 51-68% decrease in CMC of the right kidney (P<05) on three different spin echo images. In the cortex of the left kidney, T2 relaxation time decreased 14% (P<01). CCC and MMC showed more prominent changes than CMC, and sequential changes of CCC and MMC were most prominent on T2 weighted images with TR = 2.5sec and TE=80msec when compared with T1 weighted and proton density weighted images. Twelve hours after renal arterial ligation. T2 relaxation time, CMC, CCC, and MMC returned to normal values and these findings were believed to be due to congestion and collateral blood supply. In renal ischemia, the most useful MRI findings for diagnosis were fund to be changes of CCC and MMC on T2 weighted image, and T2 relaxation time of the cortex in the ischemic kidney.
Diagnosis ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Financial Management ; Ischemia* ; Kidney ; Ligation* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Protons ; Rabbits ; Reference Values ; Relaxation ; Renal Artery*

BACKGROUND: Distinguishing small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung is difficult with little information about interobserver variability. METHODS: One hundred twenty-nine cases of resected SCLC and LCNEC were independently evaluated by four pathologists and classified according to the 2004 World Health Organization criteria. Agreement was regarded as "unanimous" if all four pathologists agreed on the classification. The kappa statistic was calculated to measure the degree of agreement between pathologists. We also measured cell size using image analysis, and receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate cell size in predicting the diagnosis of high-grade neuroendocrine (NE) carcinomas in 66 cases. RESULTS: Unanimous agreement was achieved in 55.0% of 129 cases. The kappa values ranged from 0.35 to 0.81. Morphometric analysis reaffirmed that there was a continuous spectrum of cell size from SCLC to LCNEC and showed that tumors with cells falling in the middle size range were difficult to categorize and lacked unanimous agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide an objective explanation for considerable interobserver variability in the diagnosis of high-grade pulmonary NE carcinomas. Further studies would need to define more stringent and objective definitions of cytologic and architectural characteristics to reliably distinguish between SCLC and LCNEC.
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; Cell Size ; Lung ; Observer Variation ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; World Health Organization