There had been a continuous evolution of lymphoma classification and recently a Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification was proposed by the International Lymphoma Study Group. This new classification often requires information on immunophenotypic and molecular biologic markers in addition to the usual histologic findings. Recent advances in the production of commercially available monoclonal antibodies reactive on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues provide us a great help to classify the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We have analyzed 31 low grade B-cell lymphomas by the schemes proposed by the International Lymphoma Study Group using antibodies to CD3, CD5, CD20, CD23, CD43, cyclin D1, and bcl-2 protein, and have analyzed the immunophenotypic features. Among 31 low grade B-cell lymphomas, 8 small lymphocytic lymphomas, 5 mantle cell lymphomas, 7 follicle center lymphomas (2 grade I, 3 grade II, and 2 grade III), and 11 marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (all of which were extranodal) were identified. Among 8 small lymphocytic lymphomas, 5 cases were positive for CD5; 6 cases were positive for CD23; 7 cases were positive for CD43; all 8 cases were negative for cyclin D1; and 7 cases were positive for bcl-2. Among 5 mantle cell lymphomas, 4 cases were positive for CD5 and CD43; all five cases were negative for CD23; 4 cases were positive for cyclin D1 and bcl-2. All 7 follicle center lymphomas were negative for CD5, CD43 and cyclin D1 and 2 cases were positive for CD23; and 6 cases were positive for bcl-2. All marginal zone B-cell lymphomas were negative for CD5, CD23 and cyclin D1; 3 cases were positive for CD43 and 9 cases were positive for bcl-2. Diagnostic utility for CD5 antigen detection on paraffin embedded tissue has a limitation due to weak antigen expression in tumor cells of B-cell lymphomas; however, still be useful in differentiating small lymphocytic lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma from other B-cell lymphomas when applied in conjunction with CD43. CD23, CD43, and cyclin D1 appear to be of great help in differentiating subgroups of low grade B-cell lymphomas. Bcl-2, as known, is found to be useful to rule out reactive follicular hyperplasia.
Antibodies ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD5 ; B-Lymphocytes* ; Biomarkers ; Classification ; Cyclin D1 ; Hyperplasia ; Immunohistochemistry* ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell* ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone ; Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Paraffin*

No abstract available.
Encephalitis* ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex*

PURPOSE: Apoptosis is active cell death which plays an important role in developing normal tissues. Various conditions such as genetic defects, drugs, ischemia or infections are known to induce apoptosis. We studied the effect of maternal infection on fetal brain development during pregnancy. METHODS: We treated 46 C3H pregnant mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phosphat-buffered saline and observed the changes in apoptosis and expression of bcl-2, bcl-xS, bax. The fetal brain tissues were removed 1-48 hours after LPS treatment. The number of apoptosis per 100 neurons and glial cells was counted in H&E stained tissue and was analyzed statistically. Immunohistochemical staining with primary antibodies of bcl-2, bcl-xS, bax was done and their expression was classified by the degree of staining. RESULTS: The number of apoptosis was increased significantly in both neurons and glial cells of LPS-treated group and its degree of staining was more remarkable in glial cells. Immunohisto chemistry for bcl-2, bcl-xS, bax oncoprotein revealed mildly decreased expression of bcl-2 and markedly increased expression of bax in both neurons and glial cells, but it was more remarkable in glial cells. Immunochemistry for bcl-xS revealed no expression in neurons and minimal expression of bcl-xS in glial cells in both study groups. CONCLUSOIN: We observed an increase in the number of apoptosis, mildly decreased expression of bcl-2 and markedly increased expression of bax in both neurons and glial cells of fetal brain after treating pregnant mice with LPS. Maternal infection during pregnancy may have profound effects on developing fetal brain.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Apoptosis* ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein* ; Brain* ; Cell Death ; Chemistry ; Immunochemistry ; Ischemia ; Mice* ; Neuroglia ; Neurons ; Pregnancy

PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study is to provide a useful insight for developing effective teaching and student counseling methods by understanding the relationship between four preference patterns of MBTI personality types and EWHA defense mechanisms of nursing college students. METHOD: The data used in this research were collected administrating EWHA defense mechanism test and MBTI personality type instrument to 195 nursing students in the period of November 3 through September 16 in 2000. Collected data were analysed by pc-SPSS 10.0. RESULT: Three general conclusions were drawn from the study results: (1) in terms of personality type, 'Extraversion', 'Sensing', 'Thinking', and 'Judgement' types showed high frequency respectively; (2) in terms of defense mechanism, 'Identification' showed the highest score, and then 'suppression' scored next followed by 'Humor'. However, 'Acting out' showed the lowest average score, and then 'Projection' followed by 'Denial'; (3) Based on the relationship between defense mechanism and four MBTI preference patterns, it can be drawn that students with the preference of 'Extraversion' usually use defense mechanism of 'Altruism', 'Sublimation', 'Distortion', 'Controlling', and 'Humor'. In comparison, students with the preference of 'Introversion' often use the defence mechanism of 'Evasion' and 'Projection'. CONCLUSION: The study results can be utilized in both fields of education and counseling: (1) in the field of education, this study can provide a basis for developing a suitable teaching method for each personality types of nursing students; (2) for counseling practitioners, the results of this study provide the useful insights to understand nursing college students' communication skills, behavior patterns, and ability of coping with problems in the process of counseling.
Counseling ; Defense Mechanisms ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing ; Teaching

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess the supportive needs of breast cancer patients and determine the socio-demographic and clinicopathological predictors of those unmet needs. METHODS: Of 302 eligible breast cancer patients, attending Yonsei University Severance Hospital, 250 completed the surveys. The supportive care needs were assessed by administering a Supportive Care Needs Survey. RESULTS: Of the ten highest perceived needs items, 7 items were related to the health system and information domain and 2 to the psychological domain. The univariate analysis in each domain showed education (P=0.083) and chemotherapy (P=0.042) were significant predictors in the psychological domain; education (0=0.000), time since surgery (P=0.009), node metastasis (0.022), chemotherapy (P=0.001) and radiation therapy (P=0.003) in the physical and daily living domain; age (P=0, 009) and duration of marriage (P= 0.004) for sexuality; node metastasis (P=0.048), TNM stage (P=0.036), and recurrence (P=0.010) in the health system and information domain and religion (P=0.016) in the care and support domain. A multivariate analysis showed age (P=0.0253) and chemotherapy (P=0.0517) as significant independent predictors in the sexuality domain; education (P=0.0010), chemotherapy (P=0.0011), radiation therapy (P= 0.0133) and time since surgery (P=0.036) in the physical and daily living domain; recurrence (P=0.0324) in the health system and information; domain and education (P=0.0134) and chemotherapy (P=0.0207) in psychological domain. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer patients experience high levels of unmet supportive needs across each domain, but especially in the health systems and information domain. Also, the types of needs varied according to the patient subgroups. This study suggests considerable improvements be made in terms of supportive care of breast cancer patients.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Drug Therapy ; Education ; Humans ; Marriage ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Sexuality

Granuloma is a chronic inflammatory process associated with non-infectious agents or infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. It is well known that AFB staining, which has been used to determine the etiology of the granulomatous inflammation, lacks both sensitivity and specificity. Due to the slow growth rate of most pathogenic mycobacteria, culturing of organisms can take up to eight weeks. It is not uncommon for specific therapy to be delayed, or for an inappropriate treatment be given to patients without mycobacterial infections or with infections caused by atypical mycobacteria. Determination of the causative agent in Papanicolaou stained cytology specimens gives pathologists even more difficulties when only necrotic material has been aspirated from the center of the granuloma. In recent years, the use of a polymerase chain reaction for the amplification of DNA has appeared promising in terms of speed, efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity. Since a polymerase chain reaction permits the sensitive genetic analysis of small amounts of tissue, it is ideally suited to the genetic analysis of cytologic specimens. A polymerase chain reaction is easily performed on unfixed and unstained cells, however, an analysis of ethanol fixed and Papanicolaou-stained archival smears has also been described. We have recently established a method to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis organism by a nested polymerase chain reaction with primers in the insertion sequence IS 6110, using cellular digests of ethanol-fixed and Papanicolaou-stained archival specimens aspirated from the lymph nodes, lungs, thyroid, etc. Inhibitors present in Papanicolaou stained material was removed by destaining the slides with 0.5% HCl solution for 10-30 minutes. Eight out of ten cases which have shown the epithelioid granulomas revealed a positive reaction and four out of ten cases which have shown lymphohistiocytic cells in a necrotic background without any evidence of granuloma revealed a positive reaction. This study showed that it was possible to employ a polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Papanicolaou stained archival cytology specimens.
Communicable Diseases ; DNA* ; Ethanol ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thyroid Gland ; Tuberculosis

PURPOSE: We investigated whether in utero exposure to magnesium sulfate is associated with lower incidence of neonatal mortality, morbidity, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in very low birth weight infants. METHODS: We evaluated 172 infants with birth weight less than 1,500g. According to the maternal receipt of magnesium sulfate, we divided into two groups. We reviewed the medical records of mothers and their babies to evaluate clinical outcome. RESULTS: Of 172 infants, 58(GA 30.0+/-2.3weeks, BW 1,20+/-2221g) received magnesium sulfate prior to delivery for tocolysis or preeclampsia(study group). The remaining 114(GA 29.6+/-2.3weeks, BW 1,220 +/-198g) served as the control group. Neonatal mortality was not significantly different between the two groups(12.5% vs 26.0%). There was no significant difference between the two groups in neonatal complications' RDS(52.4% vs 67.6%), BPD(16.7% vs 29.6%), apnea(52.4% vs 67.6%), IVH(23.8% vs 31.0%), PVL(4.8% vs 11.3%), NEC(7.1% vs 7.0%), ROP(26.8% vs 41.2%), and neal infection(33.3% vs 54.9%). The duration of ventilator therapy(10.9+/-7.3 vs 14.2+/-10.6 days), oxygen administration(20.2+/-20.0 vs 24.3+/-19.9 days) and admission(51.5+/-16.9 vs 54.6+/-16.7 days) were not different. Among 64 patients in whom follow up evaluation was possible more than 1 year, the incidence of cerebral palsy or developmental delay was not different(12.0% vs 12.8%). CONCLUSION: Maternal receipt of magnesium sulfate does not seem to be associated with an appreciably reduced risk of neonatal mortality, morbidity, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in very low birth weight infants. (Abbreviations. GA, gestational age, BW, birth weight; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity)
Birth Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Cerebral Palsy ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant Mortality* ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight* ; Leukomalacia, Periventricular ; Magnesium Sulfate* ; Magnesium* ; Medical Records ; Mothers ; Oxygen ; Tocolysis ; Ventilators, Mechanical

OBJECTIVE: To know whether leiomyomas come from increased proliferation or from decreased apoptosis of uterine muscular cells, and compare the results with the menstrual cycles and expression of ER/PR. METHODS: Between Mar. 2003 to Jun. 2003, the authors got 15 leiomyomatous and normal myometrial tissues from the patients who had undergone hysterectomy transabdominally or laparoscopically. As soon as they were excised, these tissues had been sent to the pathologic department to be stained by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) to determine apoptotic index (A.I.), and immunohistochemistry of Ki-67 to do Ki-67 immunoreactivity index (K.I), and ER/PR. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference of A.I. between leiomyoma and normal myometrial tissues But there was a significantly higher Ki-67 immunoreactivity index in leiomyoma rather than normal myometrial tissue. The increase of K.I. in leiomyomas has the reverse correlation with age, but was not statistically correlated with the menstrual cycles. There was no significant different pattern of expressions of ER/PR between in leiomyoma and in normal uterus. CONCLUSION: The main reason the leiomyomas come from may be increased proliferation instead of decreased apoptosis of leiomyoma cells. Although leiomyomas were known to be influenced by sex hormone, there was no solid evidence of increase of K. I. correlated with menstrual cycle or expression status of ER/PR in leiomyomas. Maybe there are another factors such as age that control the pathogenesis of leiomyoma rather than hormones or their receptors.
Apoptosis* ; Cell Proliferation* ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Leiomyoma* ; Menstrual Cycle* ; Uterus

BACKGROUND: Childhood and adolescent obesity, not only increases the risk of obesity into adulthood but also is a significant culprit affecting health in general. The purpose of this study was to examine the trend in body mass index (BMI) and to investigate the prediction of adolescence overweight from childhood weight status by retrospectively tracking for seven years. METHODS: The subjects, 520 adolescents aged 14 and 15 years, were recruited from a junior high school that is located in Guri-city. The subjects' height and weight measurements were extracted from the school records of annual physical examination. We assessed their BMI over a period of seven years starting at age seven. Other baseline data were obtained by questionnaires which were completed by both the subjects and their parents in 2001. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight, according to the Korean Pediatric Society guideline, increased at age 7 through 14. The overweight adolescents of age 14 were more likely to have an obese mother. The results showed that 84% of males and 47% of females who were overweight in childhood continued to remain overweight in adolescence. Compared to the non-overweights, the relative risk of becoming an overweight adolescent among overweight boys was 5.7 (95% CI: 4.1~8.1) and among overweight girls was 6.3 (95% CI: 3.4~11.4). CONCLUSION: Approximately 70% of the overweight children continued to remain overweight as adolescents. Therefore, prevention and effective management of obesity during childhood and adolescence are essential.
Adolescent* ; Body Mass Index* ; Child* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mothers ; Obesity ; Overweight* ; Parents ; Pediatric Obesity ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Stage IV-S neuroblastoma, characterized by a primary tumor plus disseminated tumors in liver, skin and bone marrow, has a favorable clinical prognosis when compared to metastatic Stage IV neuroblastoma. This favorable outcome also characterized mice receiving tumor transplants to these "IV-S" sites. We report the testing of the hypothesis that enhanced anti-tumor immunity in "IV-S" site neuroblastoma recipients explains this improved survival. A million murine C1300 neuroblastoma cells were inoculated into 256 A/J mice to either "IV-S" sites of skin, liver, peritoneal cavity, or to the disseminated stage "IV" sites of subcutaneous tissue, muscle, kidney and lung. After 21 and 28 days of tumor growth, spleen cells from tumor bearing mice were harvested and analyzed by a 51 Cr release lymphocytotoxicity assay. Cytotoxic T cell activity was consistently higher at day 28 than day 21. In the liver and in the peritoneal cavity, cytotoxic T cell activity was higher than in other organs, and at day 28 these values were significantly higher than Stage "IV" sites. On the other hand, skin is not a immunologically privileged site in vivo study.
Animal ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neuroblastoma/*immunology/pathology/secondary ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology