The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data for better safety control over children's preference foods sold in school stores. The survey was conducted from June to July 2009, to collect 749 types of children's preference foods sold in 150 middle and high school stores nation-wide excluding Jeju Island and general and nutrition information were analyzed. Out of 749 types of snack food items, 689 and 602 snacks were sold at high school and middle school stores respectively. Among children's preference foods, cookies, bread, and ice-cream were the main items. Among them, 98% of snacks were domestic products and the price range of each individual snacks were mostly between 600 and 900 won. 27.8% of children's preference foods sold were found to be in the high calorie/low nutrition food group. Even though the proportion of candy and fruit/vegetable beverages sold were not high, their proportion in high calorie/low nutrition snack group were higher than 68.1%. Among the children's preference foods sold in middleand high school stores, carbonated drinks and ramen were continuously sold in certain middle and high schools, even though sales were prohibited. This study concludes that government, corporations and retailers should work together in developing healthier children's snack distribution environment. In addition, dairy products, which take up 15% of children's preference food, should be diversified to meet their nutrient requirements.
Beverages ; Bread ; Candy ; Carbonated Beverages ; Commerce ; Dairy Products ; Humans ; Snacks

Monitoring fetal movement serves as an indirect rneasure of fetal well-being, especially for central nervous system integrity and function. Methods to monitor fetal movement vary from the simple approach of having the mother chart perceived movement to highly specialized methods. However there were no reliable objective monitoring methods in Korea. For development of objective method for evaluating fetal movement, during pregnancy, one-hundred and two pregnant patients were entered to this study. All patients were divided into following 3 groups and each type of monitoring methods were applied. Group 1(N=20): Type I using portable FHR Doppler unit(IFD-100 model, Intermed, Korea). Group 2(N=20): Type II using FHR Microphone(Prenatal Listening Kit, Model FS002, Unisar Inc., US). Group 3(N=62): Type III using conventional ultrasound transducer(Corometric 115 Model, US). In this study, accurate counting of the fetal movementutus were best performed using Type III, because of monitoring fetal movements has its greatest efficiency when using conventional ultrasound transducer of fetal monitor. It was also attractive to doctors and nurses as a convenient methods because it needed only single transducer when compared to Type I and II. Although monitoring fetal body movement permits a general assessment of well-being, no perfect technique is still reliable. Futher techniques would be developed using the results of this study for improvement of several factors such as accuracy and objectiveness
Central Nervous System ; Fetal Monitoring ; Fetal Movement* ; Humans ; Korea ; Mothers ; Pregnancy* ; Transducers ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Fetal Death*

No abstract available.
Dinoprostone* ; Membranes* ; Rupture* ; Suppositories*

BACKGROUND: It has long been suggested that neutrophils and their products are implicated as the central mediators of the acute lung injuries. Contrary to the dominant role of neutrophils in ARDS, many cases of ARDS has occurred in the setting of severe neutropenia without pufrnonary neutrophil infiltration. Therefore it is certain that effector cell(s) other than neutrophil play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. This experiment was performed to define the mechanism of ARDS in the setting of neutiopenia, 1) by comparing the severity of endotoxin-induced lung injury, 2) by measurement of hydrogen peroxide production and cytokine concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells and fluids obtained from different rats with and without cyclophosphamide-pretreatment. METHOD: The male Sprague-Dawleys were divided into the normal control (NC)-, endotoxin (ETX)-, and cyclophosphamide (CPA)-group in which neutropenia was induced by injecting cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally. Acute lung injury was evoked by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into a tail vein. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at 3 and 6 hour after administration of LPS to measure the change of cell counts and concentrations of protein and cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Hydrogen peroxide (HPO) production from BAL cel]s was measured at 6 hour after LPS administration by phenol red microassay with and without zymosan stimulation. RESULTS: The results were as follows. A change of leukocyte counts in the peripheral blood after treatment with CPA More than 95% of total leukocytes and neutrophils were reduced after CPA administration, resulting in severe neutropenia. A change of BAL cells In the ETX-group, the number of total cells (p<0.01) and of macrophage and neutrophll (p<0.05) were increased at 3 and 6 hour after LPS administration compared to those of NC- group. In the CPA-group, the number of total leukocyte and macrophage were not changed after LPS administration, but neutrophil counts were significantly reduced and jt took part in less than 0.1% of total BAL cells (p<0.01 vs NC-group). BAL cells in this group were almost all macrophages (99.7%). A change of protein concentration in the BALF In the ETX-group, protein concentration was increased at 3 hour and was more increased at 6 hour after LPS administration (p<0.05 and <0.01 vs NC-group, respectively). In the CPA-group, it was also significantly elevated at 3 hour after LPS administration (p<0.05 vs NC-group) , but the value was statistically not different from that of ETh-group. The value measured at 6 hour after LPS administration in the CPA-group became lower than that of ETX-group (p<0.05), but showed still a higher value compared to that of NC-group (p<0.05). A change of cytokine concentration in the BALF TNF-alpha and IL-6 were elevated in the ETX- and CPA-group compared to those of NC-group at both time intervals. There was no statistical difference in the values of both cytokines between the ETX- and CPA-groups. Measurement of hydrogen peroxide production from BAL cells There was no intergroup difference of HPO production from resting cells. HPO production after incubation with opsonized zymosan was significantly elevated in all groups. The percent increment of HPO production was highest in the ETX-group (89.0%, p<0.0008 vs NC-group ), and was 42.85 in the CPA-group (p = 0.003 vs NC-group ). Conclusion Acute lung injury in the setting of neutropenia might be caused by functional activation of resident alveola r macrophages.
Acute Lung Injury* ; Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Cell Count ; Cyclophosphamide ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Interleukin-6 ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes ; Lung Injury ; Macrophages* ; Male ; Neutropenia ; Neutrophil Infiltration ; Neutrophils ; Phenolsulfonphthalein ; Rats* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Veins ; Zymosan

We evaluated the antihypertensive effect of amlodipine, a calcium channel bloker, in 35 cases of essential hypertention. After 12 weeks' administration(5~10mg q.d.), the following results were obtained : 1) The systoloic and diastolic blood pressure were decreased significantly(170.3+/-12.2mmHg vs 143.7+/-13.0mmHg p<0.01 and 104.7+/-5.9mmHg vs 87.8+/-6.5mmHg, p<0.01, respectively) but the heart rate was independant of amlodipine administration. 2) The systolic blood pressure was lowered by 20mmHg or more in 26(76.5%) of 34 patients and the diastolic pressure was lowered by 10mmHg or more in 26(76.5%) of 34 patients at 12 weeks after amlodipine administration. 3) The adverse effects of amlodipine were dizziness in 5, edema in 5, indigestion in 3, constipation in 2, headache, flushing, insomnia in 1 patient respectively and only one of them discontinued amlodipine administration due to severs facial flushing and skin eruption.
Amlodipine* ; Blood Pressure ; Calcium Channels ; Constipation ; Dizziness ; Dyspepsia ; Edema ; Flushing ; Headache ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Skin ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 are expressed differentially during the whole gestational period in the pregnant human uterine cervix and if they are involved in the process of labor. METHODS: Nine patients were matched for obstetrical history and maternal age were divided into an abortion group who aborted between 13 and 16 weeks(n=3), a preterm group who delivered between 20 and 37 weeks(n=3), and a term group who delivered between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation(n=3). Immediately after vaginal delivery cervical biopsy samples were obtained and immunohistochemically stained for COX-1 and COX-2 and the degree of staining was evaluated by H-scoring system. RESULTS: Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 was found in epithelial and stromal cells of uterine cervical tissues of preterm and term group. The immunohistochemical expression of COX-1 and COX-2 was strongest in the term group compared to the preterm group in stromal cells(HSCORE : 2.0 vs. 4.0 ; 2.0 vs. 3.0), and in epithelial cells(HSCORE : 1.0 vs. 3.0 ; 1.0 vs. 3.0). CONCLUSION: Although small amount of the groups were investigated, in the pregnant human uterine cervix, COX-1 and COX-2 are found to be expressed, and both shows the strongest expression in term cervical tissue. It is suggested that the uterine cervix, under the control of prostaglandins, is actively involved in the process of labor, and it is thought that the role of COX-1 and COX-2 is more important in parturition process with advancing gestational age.
Biopsy ; Cervix Uteri* ; Cyclooxygenase 1* ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans* ; Maternal Age ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Prostaglandins ; Stromal Cells

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: When a disability is superimposed on a previous disability, the concept of aggravation of disability should be applied. In rating the disability for hearing loss, we focused on the aggravation of disability and the methods of assessment. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: For the past 12 years, we have provided legal advisory for 111 cases of hearing injury, for which disability had to be rated. In 11 of those 111 cases, disability was assessed in consideration of aggravation of disability. We assessed disability using three rating methods: they were based on 1) a change of hearing level from assumed normal, 2) apportionment of new hearing injury in final hearing, and 3) a change in disability rating. We evaluated for significant differences and correlations between the values obtained by each method. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the results by the methods 1 and 2. The disability rating by the method 2 showed good correlations with those assessed by the methods 1 and 3. CONCLUSION: When considering aggravation of disability in hearing, the method 2 could be a good alternative when the standard method 3 is inappropriate.
Disability Evaluation ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lamivudine is highly effective in suppressing hepatitis B virus replication and hepatitis B induced necroinflammatory activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the virological and biochemical responses to lamivudine by patients with HBV associated chronic liver disease. In particular we stressed the importance of lamivudine therapy by patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. METHODS: We conducted a one-year trial of lamivudine in 80 patients with HBV associated chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis 44, cirrhosis 36). We classified these patients according to the severity of hepatic dysfunction as chronic B hepatitis (Group A) or liver cirrhosis (Group B). These patients were treated for 12 months with 100 mg daily doses of lamivudine. RESULTS: The seroconversion rate of HBeAg was 23.5% in group A patients and 26.7% in group B patients. The negative conversion of HBV-DNA was sustained for one year in 79.5% of patients in group A and 86.1% in group B. The normalization rates of serum ALT were 90.9% in group A and 88.9% in group B patients. No serious side effect after discontinuance of the treatment was found. There were 12 ALT breakthrough cases and all of them showed mutation of YMDD motif. However, they did not deteriorate clinically in spite of ALT elevation and HBV-DNA reappearance. The Child-Pugh scores improved even in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: One-year lamivudine treatment resulted in excellent virological and biochemical improvements and was well tolerated in the patients with HBV associated chronic liver disease, even in decompensated cirrhosis. We conclude that lamivudine is relatively safe in chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis treatment.
Fibrosis ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Lamivudine* ; Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver Diseases ; Liver*

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to validate the cell trafficking efficiency of the in vivo bioluminescence image (BLI) study in the setting of transplantation of the luciferase expressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), which were delivered at each different time after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in a mouse model. METHODS: Transplanting donor BMSC were prepared by primary cell culture from transgenic mouse expressing luciferase (LUC). Transient focal infarcts were induced in 4-6-week-old male nude mice. The experiment mice were divided into five groups by the time of MSC transplantation : 1) sham-operation group, 2) 2-h group, 3) 1-day group, 4) 3-day group, and 5) 1- week group. BLI for detection of spatial distribution of transplanted MSC was performed by detecting emitted photons. Migration of the transplanted cells to the infarcted area was confirmed by histological examinations. Differences between groups were evaluated by paired t-test. RESULTS: A focal spot of bioluminescence was observed at the injection site on the next day after transplantation by signal intensity of bioluminescence. After 4 weeks, the mean signal intensities of 2-h, 1-day, 3-day, and 1-week group were 2.6x10(7) +/- 7.4x10(6), 6.1x10(6) +/- 1.2x10(6), 1.7x10(6) +/- 4.4x10(5), and 8.9x10(6) +/- 9.5x10(5), respectively. The 2-h group showed significantly higher signal intensity (p < 0.01). The engrafted BMSC showed around the infarct border zones on immunohistochemical examination. The counts of LUC-positive cells revealed the highest number in the 2-h group, in agreement with the results of BLI experiments (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In this study, the results suggested that the transplanted BMSC migrated to the infarct border zone in BLI study and the higher signal intensity of LUC-positive cells seen in 2 hrs after MSC transplantation in MCAO mouse model. In addition, noninvasive imaging in real time is an ideal method for tracking stem cell transplantation. This method can be widely applied to various research fields of cell transplantation therapy.
Animals ; Cell Transplantation ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Humans ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; Luciferases ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mice, Transgenic ; Photons ; Primary Cell Culture ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stroke ; Tissue Donors ; Track and Field ; Transplants